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Psyc 251 > Topic 9: Executive Functions > Flashcards

Topic 9: Executive Functions Flashcards

1
Q

what is executive function

A

cognitive, emotional, executive, and self control

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2
Q

T/F perception, action, attention, long-term memory, language, decision making, and emotions are part of executive control

A

False: not part of it, but effected by it

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3
Q

problem of executive function

A

what are we trying to achieve, and how should we go about it

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4
Q

important of executive control

A

to free us from the tyranny of the present, and act with regard to the future

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5
Q

challenge of executive control

A

what to focus on, and when to switch it

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6
Q

Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST)

A

cognitive test that involves classifying a set of cards, each showing one or more images of a simple shape, into categories based on rules that periodically change throughout the session

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7
Q

“banish the homunculus”

A

stop appealing to an ill-defined and circular self, central executive, or consciousness to explain goal-oriented behaviour

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8
Q

what should replace the idea of homunculus control?

A

a mechanistic account of executive function in terms of neural, psychological, an computational terms

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9
Q

working memory maintenance

A
  • which rules have been tried

- sustained activity in DLPFC

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10
Q

working memory updating

A
  • remember which colour was just tried

- gating as internally-directed action learned and initiated by basal ganglia

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11
Q

inhibition of prepotent actions

A
  • don’t start a rule i’m used to using

- top-down facilitation by goal representations in DLPFC

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12
Q

shifting between rules, sets, and tasks with executive functions

A
  • try each rule in turn until finding one that works

- top-down facilitation by goal representations in DLPFC

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13
Q

monitoring and adjusting performance using executive functions

A
  • detecting when a rule is no longer working and responding

- detection errors and conflict by ACC

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14
Q

two effects of lesions in the prefrontal cortex

A
  • perseveration

- impulsiveness

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15
Q

perseveration with WCST example

A

repetition of a particular response; sticking to a rule when it is no longer working

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16
Q

perseveration involves a failure of….. (3)

A
  • monitoring
  • updating
  • shifting
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17
Q

impulsiveness involves a failure of (2)

A
  • maintenance

- inhibition

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18
Q

oculomotor delayed response task

A
  • measuring working memory
  • subjects focus on central stimulus while a target appears unpredictably in the peripheral space
  • they memorize the location of the target, and after a delay the cue disappears
  • when it disappears, they look to that location
  • testing the accuracy of final eye position
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19
Q

delay-period activity

A

in cognitive neuroscience studies of working memory, the observation of neural signals that persists while the research maintains information over time

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20
Q

T/F Funabashi et al. used multiunit recordings on mice’s dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

A

False: used single unit recordings in monkeys

21
Q

what happens to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurons during the delay period of an oculomotor delayed response task?

A

they are continually firing during the delay

22
Q

T/F Neurons in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have the greatest firing rate at preferred spatial locations, and little to no firing at a non preferred spatial location

A

true

23
Q

what are the two tasks used to test lesions in unilateral left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and what do they test

A

1) oculomotor delayed response task –> memory

2) visually guided saccade task –> control

24
Q

what are four other things that have been shown to be maintained in prefrontal cortex neurons

A

spatial locations, sensory stimuli, specific movements, and relative order of information in a sequence

25
Q

what happens in a control and a memory task when a patient has a dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesion

A

longer the delay, the more varied the saccades

26
Q

can we make predictions of memory performance based on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neutrons

A

yes!

27
Q

Stroop effect

A

when colour words and ink colours conflict, colour words are harder to ignore

28
Q

three types of executive function

A
  • establishing and modifying rules
  • contextual control
  • working memory
29
Q

what is the cause of the Stroop effect, and how does one overcome it

A

more practice with word reading that colour naming; can be overcome by inhibition of prepotent response

30
Q

what are the four layers of a neural network troop model?

A

1) visual perception
2) perceptual-motor mapping
3) verbal response
4) goal/maintenance/cognitive model

31
Q

what is the hardest combination of task using Stroop tests? why?

A
  • two competing responses (naming the colour of an incongruent word)
  • requires top-down cognitive control to inhibit word reading/facilitating colour naming
32
Q

how is inhibition of prepotent responses implemented?

A
  • goal representations maintained in DLPFC provide top-down biasing of perceptual-motor mappings
  • working memory provides the signal
  • inhibition is in effect
33
Q

Eriksen Flanker Task

A
  • central letter is surrounded by “flankers”
  • flankers can be congruent or incongruent
    e.g. HHHHH
    SSSSS
    HHSHH
    SSHSS
34
Q

Flanker effect (why)

A
  • incongruent trials are slower than congruent trials

- incongruent require top-down

35
Q

Gratton effect (why)

A
  • the flanker effect is smaller after incongruent trials than after congruent trials
  • when need-for-control detected on previous trial, more control is applied on current trial
36
Q

three ways the anterior cingulate cortex monitors performance

A
  • detects errors
  • detects response conflict
  • signals need for control to DLPFC
37
Q

give to other roles of the anterior cingulate cortex (other than performance monitoring)

A
  • signals prediction errors

- selects among possible actions

38
Q

where/what does the orbital frontal cortex integrate value signals from/as

A
  • DLPFC: task relevance
  • Amygdala: reward value
  • Insula: anticipated outcome
39
Q

what does the orbital frontal cortex do

A

uses resulting value-signals to guide goal-oriented behaviour

40
Q

neurological component of using multiple sources for value-based control in executive functions

A

integration of value signals in OFC

41
Q

difference between rostral and causal prefrontal cortex with abstraction

A

R- complex; abstract; long timeframe

C- simple; concrete; short timeframe

42
Q

difference between ventral and dorsal streams prefrontal cortex

A

V- what; why; meaning oriented

D- where; how; action oriented

43
Q

differences in medial and lateral prefrontal cortex with emotion vs. cognition

A

M- hot/affective/motivation; value-based; internal/body-oriented
L- cold/cognitive/rules; feature-based; external/environmental-oriented

44
Q

1-2-AX Task

A
  • see a sequence of letters and digits
  • press left normally
  • press right if X has an A before it, and if the most recent number was 1
  • or press right if a Y had a B before it, and the more recent number was a 2
45
Q

what does the 1-2-AX task test?

A

model of basal ganglia loop to control working memory updating

46
Q

why is the 1-2-AX task complicated/what is needed to succeed?

A
  • maintain multiple items
  • update specific items
  • ignore other items
  • use memory to control performance
  • learn when/what to maintain, store, ignore, and forget
47
Q

basal ganglia uses ______-based reinforcement learning to learn when to take action

A

dopamine

48
Q

working memory updating = ______-directed action selection

A

internally

49
Q

basal ganglia helps ______ learn when and how to apply _______

A

prefrontal cortex; executive control

Psyc 251 (7 decks)

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