Topic 6: Long-Term Memory Flashcards
priming
change in stimulus processing due to prio exposure to the same (direct) or related (indirect) stimulus without conscious awareness
direct vs. in direct priming
direct - que word is same as the target work
indirect - que word is different, but semantically related to the target
what are Gollin pictures?
broken up parts of picture where participant guess the figure; used for perceptual priming experiments
what was the outcome of the study by Warrington and Weiskrantz that used Gollin picutres?
- Korsakoff syndrome patients had amnesia, and were tested asking to guess the images in the Gollin pictures
- participants improved day to day, even though they did not remember he previous day’s training
Implicit memory task
- perceptual identification
- half new and half old words
- told flashed briefly on the screen, told to identify the word
explicit memory task
- word recognition
- half new and half old
- waiting until participant says it was from the study phase or not before moving onto the next question
what was the result of the patient with damage to the right occipital lobe in the single dissociation of the implicit and explicit memory study
patient was about the same (a tad better) than the control in the explicit word recognition; but significantly worse in the perceptual identification
What were the results of the semantic-priming task using lexical decisions?
significantly faster responses when primed the a related word than with an unrelated or pseudo (non-word) word
what was the brain area associated with the semantic priming task
left anterior temporal cortex and the left inferior parietal cortex
what part of the brain is associated with a) perceptual priming? and b) conceptual/semantic priming?
a) sensory cortices
b) unimodal and multimodal association cortices (anterior temporal, inferior parietal, prefrontal cortices)
semantic memory
declarative memory refers to general knowledge about the world, including knowledge of languages, facts, and the properties of objects
episodic memory
declarative memory the refers to memory for personally experienced past experiences
brain region activations for linguistic stimuli associated with:
a) actions
b) sounds
c) colour/movement
a) motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
b) auditory cortex
c) vental visual steam (occipital/temporal cortex)
sensory/functional theory
organization of semantic representations is based on relevant sensory and motor features (e.g. action words activate region of primary motor cortex associated with that certain body part - pick -> arm)
domain- specific theory
organization of semantic representations based on semantic categories
sensory/functional theory vs. domain-specific theory debate?
both possible correct: categories often correlate with sensory/functional distinctions (e.g. tools are strongly associated with actions - premotor cortex activation)
how is abstract semantic knowledge stored according to a distribution only view and a distribution plus hub view?
- for distribution-only, representations in multiple modalities with no specialized regions for abstract concepts (same as concrete objects)
- for distribution-plus-hub, possible integrating hub in anterior temporal lobe in addition to having distributed representations
how are semantic memories formed?
start out as episodic (e.g. I learned ___ today! And years later you don’t remember how you know it, you just know it)
how are episodic memories formed?
recent events are stored in the same place they are perceived, the cortex (prefrontal cortex/PFC and postures parietal cortex PPC). They are disconnected memories, reactivated together through connections (indices) in the hippocampus. As time goes on, the connections between the hippocampus become less important as new connections between those in the cortex form
