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Psyc 251 > Topic 6: Memory > Flashcards

Topic 6: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the point of long-term memory?

A

to acquire information from experience, maintain it overtime, and use it when relevant to guide behaviour and plan future actions

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2
Q

are learning and memory the same thing?

A

for our purposes, yes

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3
Q

T/F

memory occurs at least a little bit in most parts of the brain

A

true - some areas are more focused than others, but most parts are involved in some way

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4
Q

T/F memory is a chemical change, not a physical one

A

false - memory requires a physical change in the nervous system

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5
Q

what is a relatively decent analogy discussed in class that memory can be compared to? Explain.

A

human memory is analogous to a computer memory

  • binary code ~ number & strength between neurons
  • both have a short term memory that require active maintenance, and a long term, passively store memory
  • differences: organization, interpretation, and access
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6
Q

____ & ____ between ____ are the underlying representation of all memory

A

number & strength between neurons

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7
Q

Encoding

A

initial creating of memory information

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8
Q

consolidation

A

continued organization and stabilization

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9
Q

storage

A

keeping information; retention

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10
Q

retrieval

A

accessing/using stored information

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11
Q

reconsolidation

A

possible reorganization and restabalization after retrieval

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12
Q

differences between short and long term memory

A 
Short:
- immediate recall of items in the same order (memory span)
- seconds
- limited capacity
- sustained activation of neurons
Long:
- recall in any order until all (more) can be named (list learning)
- minutes, hours, days, years
- massive capacity
- number and strength of neurons
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13
Q

damage to the left temporoparital lobe vs. damage to bilateral medial temporal lobes

A

left temporoparital lobe: deficit in list learning/LTM

bilateral medial temporal lobes: memory span/STM

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14
Q

dissociation

A

performance differs across two tasks

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15
Q

what are the two alternative explanations in a single dissociation of STM vs LTM?

A
  1. Parietal damage argument: there is only one system, but STM task is harder, so when the system is damaged, the STM task suffers
  2. Compensation argument: one system, but STM is harder, so when the system is completely damaged, the brain can compensate for the LTM task but not the STM task
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16
Q

if you have a single dissociation, are you demonstrating separable systems, different brain areas, or distinct cognitive processes?

A

NO!

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17
Q

double dissociation

A

provides evidence for separable systems that depend on different brain regions and distinct cognitive processes

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18
Q

about how many words can the average person hold in STM?

A

~7

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19
Q

about how many words does a person have in their vocabulary?

A

~ 20 000 (hard to measure though)

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20
Q

Implicit Memory Task

A
  • perceptual identification (identifying word)

- damage to right occipital lobe could not perform implicit, but could perform explicit

21
Q

Explicit memory task

A
  • word recognition (ask if new or not)

- amnesia patients could not perform explicit but could perform implicit

22
Q

Implicit long-term memory

A
  • non decalrative
  • no conscious awareness
  • procedural, priming
  • minutes, hours, days, or years
  • massive (1000s of motor sequences)
  • number and strength of synapses
23
Q

explicit long-term memory

A
  • declarative
  • available to conscious awareness
  • semantic and episodic
  • minutes, hours, days, years
  • massive
  • number and strength of synapses
24
Q

motor adaptation

A
  • cerebral loops

- the motor perturbation task depends on spatial representation in parietal lobe

25
Q

describe the study with prism glasses and what is was used for

A

to study motor adaptation; hand-eye coordination task by throwing darts with prism glasses on (shift visual field to the side)
- control people adapted to it, whereas those with cerebellar lesions can’t adapt

26
Q

how is the cerebellum involved in motor adaptation?

A 
forward model (uses the current position and motor comments to predict position) to predict results of motor commands
- used differences between actual results and predicted results for online error correction, motor learning, and feedback control
27
Q

motor sequence learning

A
  • cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops
  • serial reaction time task (random order or reporting sequence)
  • dopamine signal from SNc represents prediction error
28
Q

how does motor sequence learning occur depending on the basal ganglia and reinforcement learning?

A
  1. select action expected to learn to maximum reward
  2. perform action
  3. compare actual reward to expected reward (prediction error)
  4. use predicted error to update expectation
  5. repeat
29
Q

how do you get prediction error?

A

actual reward - predicted reward

30
Q

reinforcement learning

A
  • unexpected reward generate dopamine signals from the SNc that excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect
  • allows modification of behaviour based on reward
31
Q

Cognitive Skill Learning

A

problem solving tasks in which subjects are required to use various cognitive skills to solve a task

32
Q

amnesia vs. parkinson’s patients in an episodic memory task and a probabilistic task

A

amnesia patients with medial temporal lobe damage can’t complete complete an episodic memory task, whereas parkinson’s patients with basal ganglia damage could

amnesia patients with medial temporal lobe damage could complete the weather prediction task, whereas parkinson’s patients with basal ganglia damage never learned the task

33
Q

damages basal ganglia impairs ____ learning, but not ____ learning.

A

skill learning, not declarative

34
Q

Habituation (with example)

A

reduced response to an unchanging stimulus (e.g. touching siphon –> withdrawal of gill; repeated touch of siphon –> less withdrawal)

35
Q

Pre-synaptic depressions

A

same action potential; reduced neurotransmitter released; smaller EPSP

36
Q

Sensitization (with example)

A

increased response to an unchanging stimulus (e.g. touching siphon –> withdrawal of gill; shocking tail –> enhanced habituation and there is more withdrawal)

37
Q

pre-synaptic facilitation

A

same action potential; increased neurotransmitter release; larger EPSP

38
Q

Delay conditioning

A

a form of conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is still ongoing when the unconditioned stimulus starts and they both terminate at the same time

39
Q

Trace conditioning

A

a form of conditioning in which there is a brief time interval between the end of conditioned stimulus and the start of the unconditioned stimulus

40
Q

what parts of the brain are associated with 1. delay conditioning, and 2. trace conditioning

A
  1. cerebellum

2. cerebellum and hippocampus

41
Q

why is trace conditioning not totally non-declarative?

A

it requires memory trace to link CS and US; there must be some kind of memory trace in the nervous site for the CS and US relationship to be established

42
Q

Fear conditioning

A

a form of emotional learning in which fear responses are acquired to cues that predict the occurrence of an aversive stimulus

43
Q

where is the neural circuit involved in fear conditioning?

A

CS and US coverage in lateral nucleus of amygdala after repeated pairing of shock

44
Q

perceptual priming

A

presenting a stimulus (prime), to someone, and at a later point, they are tested

45
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrom patients

A

amnesia due to sever alcoholism; they improved on implicit memory day to day even though they did not remember the previous day’s training

46
Q

Conceptual Priming

A

prime and target are the same item; thing that evokes it is conceptually related

47
Q

Semantic priming

A

faster reaction times for related words because the first word primes the second word (in comparison to unrelated word or pseudo words - not real words)

48
Q

where does perceptual priming occur?

A

sensory cortices

49
Q

where does conceptual and semantic priming occur?

A

unimodal and mulitmodal assocaited cortices (e.g. anterior temporal, inferior parietal, prefrontal cortex)

Psyc 251 (7 decks)

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