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Chemistry GCSE > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the colour you would expect from a flame test if lithium was present

A

Red

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2
Q

Describe the colour you would expect from a flame test if sodium was present

A

Yellow

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3
Q

Describe the colour you would expect from a flame test if potassium was present

A

Lilac

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4
Q

Describe the colour you would expect from a flame test if calcium was present

A

Orange-red

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5
Q

Describe the colour you would expect from a flame test if copper was present

A

Blue-green

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6
Q

Describe the chemical test for ammonia

A

Makes​ ​damp​ ​red​ ​litmus​ ​paper​ ​turn​ ​blue
It​ ​also​ ​forms​ ​a​ ​white​ ​smoke​ ​of​ ​ammonium​ ​chloride​ ​when​ ​hydrogen​ ​chloride​ ​gas,from​ concentrated​ ​hydrochloric​ ​acid,​ ​is​ ​held​ ​near​ ​it

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7
Q

Describe the precipitate colour you would expect to see when NaOH is added to a sample that contained ALUMINIUM to test for cations

A

White (dissolves when an excess of NaOH is added)

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8
Q

Describe the precipitate colour you would expect to see when NaOH is added to a sample that contained CALCIUM to test for cations

A

White

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9
Q

Describe the precipitate colour you would expect to see when NaOH is added to a sample that contained IRON (II) to test for cations

A

Green

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10
Q

Describe the precipitate colour you would expect to see when NaOH is added to a sample that contained COPPER to test for cations

A

Blue

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11
Q

Describe the precipitate colour you would expect to see when NaOH is added to a sample that contained IRON (III) to test for cations

A

Brown

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12
Q

Describe what you would expect to see when NaOH is added to a sample that contained AMMONIUM to test for cations

A

Pungent smelling gas is produced and turns damp red litmus paper blue

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13
Q

Describe how a test for cations would be carried out

A
  1. add a small amount of the solution into a test tube
  2. add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to the solution
  3. record colour of precipitate
  4. add sodium hydroxide until it is in an excess
  5. Record the colour
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14
Q

Describe how flame tests for cations would be carried out

A
  1. Light the Bunsen burner and open air hole for a blue flame
  2. Take a sample of the test substance using a wire loop
  3. Hold the sample on the edge of the flame and observe a colour
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15
Q

What is the test for a SULFATE ANION

A

○ Add​ ​dilute​ ​HCl​ ​followed​ ​by​ ​barium​ ​chloride​ ​solution to the sample
○ A​ ​WHITE​ ​precipitate​ ​will​ ​form​ ​when​ ​sulfate​ ​ions​ ​are​ ​in​ ​this​ ​solution

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16
Q

What is the test for a CARBONATE ANION

A

Gas​ ​produced​ ​bubbled​ ​through​ ​limewater,​ ​if​ ​the​ ​limewater​ ​goes​ ​cloudy,the​ ​gas​ ​is​ ​CO2​ ​​ ​(carbonates​ ​react​ ​with​ ​dilute​ ​acids​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​CO2​)

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17
Q

What is the method for testing Chloride​ ​ion,​ ​Cl-​ ,​ ​ ​bromide​ ​ion,​ ​Br-​ ,​ ​ ​iodide​ ​ion,​ ​I-​ ,​ ​ ​using​ ​dilute​ ​nitric​ ​acid​ ​and​ ​silver nitrate​ ​solution

A

First​ ​add​ ​dilute​ ​nitric​ ​acid,​ ​followed​ ​by​ ​silver​ ​nitrate​ ​solution
○ Chloride​ ​gives​ ​a​ ​WHITE​ ​precipitate
○ Bromide​ ​gives​ ​a​ CREAM precipitate
○ Iodine​ ​gives​ ​a YELLOW precipitate

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18
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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19
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane

A

CnH(2n+2)

20
Q

Why are alkanes saturated carbons

A

Because they have no C=C bond

21
Q

Explain how bromine water is used to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes 

A

Alkenes​ ​react​ ​with​ ​bromine​ ​water,​ ​turning​ ​it​ ​from​ ​orange​ ​to​ ​colourless​ ​–​ ​alkanes DO​ ​NOT​ ​react​ ​with​ ​bromine​ ​water

22
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH(2n)

23
Q

Describe how the complete combustion of alkanes and alkenes involves the oxidation of the hydrocarbons to produce carbon dioxide and water

A

The​ ​combustion​ ​of​ ​hydrocarbons​ ​releases​ ​energy.​ ​During​ ​combustion,​ ​the carbon​ ​and​ ​hydrogen​ ​in​ ​the​ ​fuels​ ​are​ ​oxidised​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​and water
alkane/alkene​ ​+​ ​oxygen​ ​→​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​+​ ​water

24
Q

Do alkanes OR alkenes undergo addition polymerisation

A

ALKENES

25
Q

How do we show an addition polymerisation reaction

A

Carbon double bond is lost
Monomer is put in square brackets withlines from each C overlapping
n at the bottom right corner outside brackets

26
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

They contain a C=C double bond

27
Q

What are polyesters

A

Condensation polymers

28
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

When two different monomers react together producing a water molecule

29
Q

How is an ester link formed

A

A molecule containing two carboxylic acid groups and a molecule containing two alcohol groups forms an ester link when they react together

30
Q

What are some of the problems with the disposal of polymers

A

Most are go into landfill sites and some are burnt which releases toxic gases

31
Q

Name an advantage and disadvantage of recycling polymers

A

Landfill sites is a waste of a nonrenewable resource as polymers are made from crude oil
Recycling means that less waste goes into landfill however this is expensive due to the collection and sorting

32
Q

Name a polymer based on amino acids

A

Proteins

33
Q

Name a polymer based on sugars

A

Starch

34
Q

Name a polymer made from nucleotides

A

DNA

35
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol

A

-OH

36
Q

How do alcohols differ in molecular formula

A

CH2

37
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

38
Q

How is ethanoic acid produced

A

Ethanol is oxidised by:
Reacting with oxygen (burns in air)
Chemicals called oxidising agents
The action of microbes

39
Q

How can you obtain a concentrated solution of ethanol

A

By fractional distillation
Works because ethanol has a lower boiling point than water

40
Q

How big are nano particles compared to atoms

A

They consist of only a few 100 atoms

41
Q

What are nano particles useful for

A

Sunscreen
Carbon nanotubes in tennis rackets
Future drug delivery systems

42
Q

Why are nano particles useful for sunscreen

A

Absorb harmful ultraviolet light from the Sun but cannot be seen on the skin

43
Q

What are the risks associated with the use of nano particles

A

Attract toxic substances to the surfaces
can be inhaled
take a long time to breakdown
If absorbed they an alter reactions in the body

44
Q

List the properties of glass ceramics

A

Transparent
hard but brittle
poor conductors of heat and electricity

45
Q

List the properties of clay ceramics

A

Opaque
hard but brittle
poor conductors of heat and electricity

46
Q

List the properties of polymers

A

Transparent translucent or opaque
poor conductors of heat and electricity
often tough and ductile

47
Q

List the properties of metals

A

Can be polished to a shine
good conductors of heat and electricity
hard tough and ductile

Chemistry GCSE (15 decks)

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