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Chemistry GCSE > Fuels > Flashcards

Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

What are the six useful compounds that can be separated from crude oil called

A 
Gases 
Petrol 
Kerosene 
Diesel oil 
Fuel oil
Bitumen
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3
Q

How are the many useful compounds in crude oil separated

A

Fractional distillation

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4
Q

What is crude oil

A

A FINITE RESOURCE which is FOUND IN ROCK, produced from the REMAINS OF ANCIENT BIOMASS. It is a complex mixture of HYDROCARBONS and the molecules are ARRANGED IN CHAINS OR RINGS

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5
Q

How can crude oil be separated by fractional distillation

A

Because the hydrocarbons have different boiling points

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6
Q

What is used to separate crude oil into fractions

A

A FRACTIONATING COLUMN- a tall column in which the temperature decreases from bottom to top

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7
Q

What is it called when hydrocarbons have no double bonds

A

Saturated

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8
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A family of compounds with SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES and GRADUAL VARIATION IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
They have the SAME GENERAL FORMULA with successive members DEFERRING IN MOLECULAR FORMULA BY CH2

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9
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane

A

Cn H(2n+2)

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10
Q

What is complete combustion

A

When hydrocarbons burn in excess air to produce carbon dioxide and water ONLY

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11
Q

What is an oxidation reaction

A

When the hydrocarbons react with the oxygen in the air

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12
Q

What is the generic equation for complete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen ————>carbon dioxide + water

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13
Q

When balancing an equation what order should you balance the elements

A

Carbon then…
Hydrogen then…
Oxygen

(Never change the little numbers)

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14
Q

Give the generic equation for incomplete combustion

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen ————>carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water

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15
Q

What is INCOMPLETE combustion

A

Occurs when there is a limited supply oxygen

Water is still produced but carbon and carbon monoxide are formed as well as carbon dioxide

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16
Q

The greater the number of carbon atoms in a molecule…..

A

The greater the boiling point

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17
Q

The bigger the molecule…

A

The stronger the intermolecular forces

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18
Q

Give a use of GASES (a fraction from crude oil)

A

Domestic heating and cooking

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19
Q

Give a use of PETROL (a fraction from crude oil)

A

Fuel for cars

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20
Q

Give a use of KEROSENE (a fraction from crude oil)

A

Fuel for aircraft

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21
Q

Give a use of DIESEL OIL (a fraction from crude oil)

A

Fuel for some cars and trains

22
Q

Give a use of FUEL OIL (a fraction from crude oil)

A

Fuel for large ships and power stations

23
Q

Give a use of BITUMEN (a fraction from crude oil)

A

Surfacing roads and roofs

24
Q

What is the test for the presence of an alkene

A

Bromine water:
If an alkene ISN’T present it stays orange
If an alkene IS present it goes colourless

25
Q

What is the order of the alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

26
Q

What is cracking

A

The breaking down of longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain hydrocarbons

27
Q

Are ALKANES saturated or unsaturated

A

Saturated and covalent

28
Q

Are ALKENES saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated and covalent

29
Q

Describe the trend in number of atoms in molecules from GASES TO BITUMEN

A

Increases 

30
Q

Describe the trend in boiling point from GASES TO BITUMEN

A

Increases

31
Q

Describe the trend in ease of ignition from GASES TO BITUMEN

A

Becomes more difficult to ignite

32
Q

Describe the trend in viscosity from GASES TO BITUMEN

A

Viscosity increases (flows with more difficulty)

33
Q

What is the general formula of an ALKENE

A

CnH(2n)

34
Q

Describe the trend in chain length from GASES TO BITUMEN

A

Chain length increases

35
Q

What are the advantages of petrol as a vehicle fuel

A

Easily stored
Easily ignited
Combustion releases large amounts of energy

36
Q

What are the advantages of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel

A

Environmental benefits

Easily ignited

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of petrol as a vehicle fuel

A

High demand

Greenhouse gas

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel

A

Difficult to store in large amounts as it has to be compressed

39
Q

How does cracking work

A

Cracking involves breaking covalent bonds in hydrocarbon molecules.
Crude oil fractions are heated to evaporate them.
The vapours are passed over a catalyst containing aluminium oxide and heated to about 650°C
Smaller more useful hydrocarbon molecules form and these can be used as fuel or for making polymers

40
Q

What is the functional group of Alcohols

A

O-H

41
Q

What do the names of alcohols always end in

A

-anol

42
Q

What are the two methods in which ethanol can be produced

A

Fermentation & hydration

43
Q

What chemical substance do alcohols contain

A

Ethanol

44
Q

What is the formula for ethanol

A

C(2) H(5) OH

45
Q

How is ethanol created through the process of fermentation

A

Plant material containing sugars is mixed with water and yeast.
Enzymes in the yeast turn the sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide

46
Q

What is the general equation for the production of ethanol through the process of fermentation

A

glucose ——-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

47
Q

What process increases the concentration of alcohol in a solution

A

Fractional distillation

48
Q

Explain why the pH and temperature must be controlled carefully in the fermentation tank

A

It is important because the liquid needs to be at optimum temperature for enzymes to work and so does the pH

49
Q

What are the pros of fermentation

A

Renewable
Only needs to be heated to 37°C


50
Q

What are the cons of fermentation

A

Produces CO2
Slow reaction
A lot of workers needed

51
Q

What are the pros of the method of hydration in producing ethanol

A

Only ethanol is produced (no waste products’

Few workers

52
Q

What are the cons of the process of hydration

A

Non-renewable - cracked from crude oil
Requires more energy - steam (needs to be heated to 100° C)



Chemistry GCSE (15 decks)

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