Topic 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals

Question 1

What’s the aorta ?

Answer 1

The main artery in your body

Question 2

What does bypass surgery do?
How does it work?

Answer 2

-gives the blood another route to travel through

• adds a vein over the blockage of the coronary artery

Question 3

What’s a stent ?

Answer 3

Scaffolding that stops a weakened artery from collapsing

Question 4

What circulation is a mammals heart?
What does this mean ?

Answer 4

Double circulatory - blood passes through your heart twice on each lap of the body

Question 5

What chamber of the heart is bigger , stronger and why?

Answer 5

-Left chamber is bigger and stronger than the right chamber as its fighting gravity

Also the aorta has to pump blood to the whole body unlike the pulmonary artery which only has to pump to the lungs. So the left side needs to generate more pressure

Question 6

Route of blood in a double circulatory system ( two points)

Answer 6

1)In first circuit , heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. oxygenated blood then returns to heart

2) in second circuit, heart pumps oxygenated blood around all organs of the body to deliver oxygen to cells. Deoxygenated blood then returns to heart

Question 7

Advantage of a double circulatory system?

Answer 7

Blood is pumped at a higher pressure and therefore circulates the body faster than in a single circulatory system

Question 8

What type of circulatory system to fish have ?

Answer 8

Single circulatory system

Question 9

What do valves do?
What are the 2 valves and what side of the heart is each one on

Answer 9

-Prevent the back flood of blood .

• triscupid ( right )
  -biscuoid ( left )

Question 10

What do veins do ? Exception …
Adaptations of veins..

Answer 10

Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Exception = pulmonary vein

-lumen( tube which blood flows through) is wide to allow the low pressure blood to pass through

-valves to prevent the back flow of blood

Question 11

What did arteries do ? Exception..

Answer 11

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Exception = pulmonary artery

Question 12

Pathway of blood through the heart …

Answer 12

-deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through vena cava

• deoxygenated blood passes through triscupid valve into right ventricle
• this is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

-left atrium receives oxygenated blood via the pulmonary vein

• oxyganted blood passes through the biscupid valve into the left ventricle

-finally oxygenated blood exits the heart via the aorta and is pumped around the whole body

Question 13

Adaptations of arteries?

Answer 13

Thick muscular wall -To resist pressure and ensure they don’t collapse

Elastic fibres- allow them to stretch

Question 14

When was the first successful heart transplant and by who?

Answer 14

-1967

• Christian Bernard

Question 15

What’s stroke volume?

Answer 15

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped per beat

Question 16

What’s cardiac output?
How do we calculate it ?

Answer 16

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Stroke volume X heart rate

Question 17

What’s respiration?

Answer 17

A process that occurs in all the bodies cells and produces energy by reacting glucose with oxygen

Question 18

What type of reaction is respiration ?
2 types of respiration?

Answer 18

-exothermic reaction

-aerobic
-anaeoric

Question 19

Features of aerobic respiration? Word equation and balanced Equation ..

Answer 19

-Uses oxygen
-yields the most energy
-occur in the mitochondria

Glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6+ 6O2–> 6CO2+ 6H2O

Question 20

Features of anaerobic respiration … equation

Answer 20

-Occurs when there’s not enough oxygen
-doesn’t yield as much energy as aerobic respiration
-only used as last resort eg sprinting

Glucose—> lactic acids

Question 21

Example of plants transporting substances ..

Answer 21

During photosynthesis plants take in carbon dioxide and excrete oxygen out.
Taking in dissolved nutrients and minerals and water from soil and air

Question 22

Example of animals transporting substances …

Answer 22

-kidney removed waste such as urea and excess ions. This is vital as if excess urea isn’t removed the body becomes toxic

-removing c02, excess carbon dioxide dissolved into blood causing it to become acidic

-

Question 23

What do specialised exchange surfaces allow?
What do specialised exchange surfaces usually have?

Answer 23

-Efficient transport of substances from one area to another

-short distance for diffusion, large surface area

Question 24

Examples of exchange surfaces ?

Answer 24

-root hair cells of plants : specialise to take up water and nutrients from the soil

-walls of nephrons in the kidney

^ these both have thin walls and a large surface area (meaning diffusion is quick)

Question 25

What are alveoli? What do they do ? Adaptations of alveoli…

Answer 25

-Small air sacs in the lungs -allow gas exchange between lungs and blood -small and arranged in clusters, creating large surface area for diffusion -walls of alveoli are thin, meaning there is a short diffusion pathway

Question 26

Factors affecting rate of diffusion..

Answer 26

Concentration gradient- greater the concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion. Because more particles are randomly moving down the gradient than against it. Temperature - greater temp= greater movement of particles , resulting in more collisions and faster diffusion Surface area of the membrane - the greater the surface area, the more space there is for particles to move through and therefore a faster rate of diffusion

Question 27

Calculation for the rate of diffusion…

Answer 27

Question 28

Examples of things with a large surface area to aid exchange rate …

Answer 28

Lungs Small intestine Fish gills Leaves

Question 29

What’s the blood made up from?

Answer 29

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells , platelets

Question 30

What’s the plasma in the blood?

Answer 30

The liquid that carries the components in the blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets , glucose , amino acids ,ect)

Question 31

What do red blood cells do? 3 adaptations

Answer 31

-Carry oxygen molecules from the lungs to all cells in the body. -biconcave disc shape provides a large surface area to -no nucleus allowing more room to carry oxygen -contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and forms oxyhemoglobin

Question 32

What are white blood cells part of? Do they have a nucleus? Types of whites blood cells?

Answer 32

-part of the immune system, bodies defence against pathogens -white blood cells have a nucleus -Those that engulf and digest pathogens ( phagocytes) -those that produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced by organisms (lymphocytes) -white blood cells that produce antibodies (small proteins that clump them together ) against microorganisms

Question 33

What do platalets do? Why do they have no nucleus?

Answer 33

Platalets help a blood clot form at a wound. The clot dries and hardens to form a scab, which allows new skin to grow underneath it while preventing microorganisms from entering -to take up less space

Question 34

Core practical for investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms …

Answer 34

1) set up resoirometer , use forceps to put known mass of soda lime ( c02 absorber ) into boiling tube and cover with wool 2)weigh and place organisms into boiling tube (handle carefully ) 3) use a pipette to place a drop of dye at the mouth of the capillary 4)open connection between syringe and respirometer , add liquid at end furthest from the respirometer using a syringe 5)find how far the liquid in the syringe moves , this represents volume of oxygen consumed 6)repeat 3 times and take a mean . Calculate rate of respiration by doing vol f oxygen consumed / mass of organism