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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells And Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nucleus contain generic material in the form of?

A

The nucleus contains generic information in the form of chromosomes.

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2
Q

What is created by mitosis?

A

Two cells identical to the original cell- the nucleus of each new cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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3
Q

What do multicellular cells use mitosis for?

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged

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4
Q

Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis is asexual reproduction.

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5
Q

Whats the order of mitosis ?
What happens at each stage?
What does mitosis produce?

A

Interphase- genetic material duplicated
Prophase- nucleus memberane dissolves
Metaphase-two sets of chromosomes line up in middle
Anaphase-pulled to opposite sides
Telophase- organelles duplicated eg: mitochondria. And new membranes formed around two sets of chromosomes
Cytokinesis- cell divides

-produces two genetically identical diploid cells

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6
Q

What happens In interphase ? (Stage before mitosis)

A

-dna is replicated

-production of cell components such as ribosomes

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7
Q

What happens in prophase? Stage (2)

A

The chromosomes condense and the memberane around the nucleus breaks down to let chromomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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8
Q

What happens in metaphase? (Stage 3)

A

Chromosomes line up at the centre of a cell.

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9
Q

What happens in anaphase (stage 4)

A

Spindle fibres pull chromosomes apart. Chromatic are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

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10
Q

What happens in telophase (stage 5)

A

Membrane form around each set of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of the two new cells.

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11
Q

What happens in cytokinesis ( stage 6)

A

The cytoplasm and cell memberane divide to form seprrage cells

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12
Q

How to Calculate the number of cells there will be after multiple divisions ?

A

Number of cells = 2^n
Where ‘n’ is the number of divisions by mitosis

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13
Q

What are the processes in which a plant or animal develops from?

A

Cell differentiation- cell changes to become specialised for its job.

Cell division- by mitosis

Plants also grow by cell elongation - where a plant cell expands making the cell bigger to make the plant grow

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14
Q

How do plants mainly grow in height ?

A

Cell elongation.

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15
Q

How do animals grow ?

A

Cell division when they are young. When they are old, cell division is mainly for repairs

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16
Q

What is a random change in a gene called?

A

A mutation.

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17
Q

What is a random change in a gene called?

A

A mutation.

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18
Q

What may happen if there’s a change in one of the genes that controls cell division?

A

The cells may Start dividing uncontrollably. This can result in a tumor. If the tumor invades and destroys surrounding tissue it’s called cancer.

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19
Q

What are growth / percentile charts used for?

A

Asses a child’s growth over time and highlight any problems and patterns

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20
Q

What would it mean if a three month old is in the 75 th percentile for weight ?

A

It would mean 75% of other 3 months old are lighter than it but 25% are heavier.

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21
Q

What are Stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells are stem cells . They have not yet specialised to perform a certain function.

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22
Q

Why does an early human embryo have lots of stem cells?

A

Because embryonic stem cells have the potential to divide and produced any kind of cell at all. This would make sense as embryonic stem cells start of the human body.

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23
Q

What are stem cells important for?

A

Growth and development of organisms

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24
Q

Where are stem cells often found in adults and what are they used for?

A

Stem cells are usually found in bone marrow within an adult. There mainly used to replace damadged cells.

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25
Q

Where are the only cells that divide by mitosis found on a plant?

A

In plant tissues called meristems.

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26
Q

Where is mertistem tissue often found?

A

Meristem tissue is often found in areas of the plant that are growing.
Eg: the roots and shoots.

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27
Q

What are meristems able to produce?

A

Meristems are able to produce unspecialised cells that are able to divide and differentiate to form any type of cell in the plant for as long as the plant lives

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28
Q

Uses/advantags of stem cells in medicine?

A

create specialised cells to replace ones which have been damadged by disease or injury

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29
Q

Risks of using stem cells in transplants…

A

Rejection- patients body may recognise cells as foreign and trigger an immune response to get rid of them

Tumor development- if scientists can’t control the rate at which stem cells divide, a tumor may develop.

Disease transmittion- if donor cells are infected with a virus , it could be passed onto recipient. -

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30
Q

What’s the role of the central nervous system ?

A

Too coordinate a reponse

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31
Q

What’s the order of what happens in the central nervous system?

A

-Stimulus
-Receptor converts info into electrical impulse.
-electrical impulse sent along the sensory neuron.
-impulses travel through the CNS along relay neurons.
-info sent along motor neuron.
-effector which leads to a replace

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32
Q

What do neurons transmit information as?

A

Electrical impulses.

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33
Q

Where do dendrites and dendroms carry nerve impulses ?

A

Dendrites and dendrons carry nerve impulses towards the cell body.

34
Q

Where do axons carry nerve impulses?

A

Axons carry nerve impulses away from the cell body.

35
Q

What’s the myelin sheath and what does it surround?

A

The myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse.
It surrounds some axons

36
Q

Why can neurons be very long?

A

Neurons can be very long to speed up the electrical impulse. As connecting with another neuron would slow the impulse down

37
Q

Why can neurons be very long?

A

Neurons can be very long to speed up the electrical impulse. As connecting with another neuron would slow the impulse down

38
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron

39
Q

What happens in the SENSORY NEURON?

A

dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body, located in middle of the neuron.
axon carries the impulse from the cell body to the CNS

40
Q

What happens in the MOTOR NEURON?

A

short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body.

One long axon carries the impulse from the cell body to effector cells.

41
Q

What happens in the relay neurone ?

A

Short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the sensory neurones to the cell body.
Axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the motor neurones.

42
Q

What’s the connection between two neurones called?

A

The connection between two neurones is called a synapse.

43
Q

What is the nerve signal transferred by?
How do they move across a synapse?

A

Nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters, which diffuse across a gap.

Neurotransmitters then set off an electrical signal at the next neurone

44
Q

Why is the transmittion of a nervous impulse slowed down ?

A

Nervous impulses are slowed down because it takes time for them to neurotransmitters to diffuse across a synapse

45
Q

What’s a reflex and what does it help do?

A

Reflexes are automatic, rapid responses to stimuli- they can reduce chance of injury

46
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information from receptor to effector

47
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information from receptor to effector

48
Q

What is the order of a reflex reaction?

A

1)Stimulus
2)Receptors
3)Sensory neurone
4)Synapse
5)relay neurone
6)synapse
7)motor neurone
8)effector
9)reponse

49
Q

Why are reflexes faster than other responses?

A

Because they bypass conscious parts of your brain when a super fast response is essential.

50
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain
Spinal cprd

51
Q

Where is the cerebrum and what is it responsible for (brain)

A

The cerebrum is in the top / back of the brain and is responsible for :
Movement
Intelligence
Memory
Language
Vision

52
Q

Where is the cerebellum in the brain and what is it responsible for?

A

The cerebellum is in the bottom / back of the brain and is reponsible for muscle coordination and balance.

53
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata and what is it responsible for? (Brain)

A

The medulla oblongata is in Bottom of the brain
Controls unconscious activity such as breathing and heart rate.

54
Q

What are our 2 ways of seeing the brain?

A

CT scanners
PET scanners

55
Q

What do CT scanners use to get an image of the brain?
What can CT scanners show?

A

-CT scanners use x-rays to produce images of the brain

-CT scanning can only show the main structures of the brain, not their functions.

56
Q

What do PET scanners use to see the brain?
What can PET scanners be used to see?

A
  • PET scanners use radioactive chemicals to show which parts of the brain are active when the persons in the scanner.

-PET scanners can see both structure and the function of the brain in real time.

57
Q

What can PET scans of the brain be useful to find out?

A

Areas of the brain that are inactive and study disorders that change brain activity

58
Q

What is the function of the cornea in the eye?
What else does the same thing?

A

-It refracts light into the eye
-the lens also refracts light, focusing it onto the retina

59
Q

What’s the function of the iris in the eye?

A

The iris controls how much light enters the pupil.

60
Q

What is the retina in the eye?

A

The light sensitive part , covered in receptor cells called rods and cones which detect light .

61
Q

What light do rods detect?

A

Rods detect dim light .
Rods can’t detect colours.

62
Q

What light do cones detect ?

A

-Cones detect colours
- not so good with dim light.

63
Q

What is the information from light converted into?
How does this go from the receptors to the brain?

A

-The information from light is converted into electrical impulses

-the optic nerve carries these impulses to the brain.

64
Q

What is red-green colour blindness caused by?

A

Red-green colour blindness is caused by the red or green cones in the retina aren’t working properly

65
Q

What is a cataract/ blurry vision caused by ?

A

A cloudy patch on the lens which stops light being enter the eye.

66
Q

What is long sightedness caused by?
What lens do glasses or contacts need to fix longsightedness?

A

1)The lens doesn’t bend light enough.
2)Light from near objects is bought into focus behind the retina.
- need glasses with a convex lens to correct it

67
Q

What is short sightedness caused by?
What lens is needed in glasses to fix it?

A

1)Short sightedness is caused by the lens bending light too much.

2)light from distant objects is bought into focus in front of the retina.
-need a concave lens to fix this

68
Q

Does a convex lens increase or decrease refraction?
What sightedness does this correct?

A

A convex lens increases refraction.
Corrects Long sightedness

69
Q

Describe cancer as the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division…

A

Uncontrolled growth caused a lump called a tumor to form
It begins to grow and divide uncontrollably,
new cells are produced which the body doesn’t need.

70
Q

Explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cells…

A

It allows cells to specialise and perform specific functions in an organism

71
Q

What’s the largest part of your brain and what are the 2 halves it’s split into called?
What functions does it control?

A

Cerebrum
Divides into cerebral hemispheres
Intelligence, personality , concious thought

72
Q

Each hemisphere controls….

A

One side of the body

73
Q

Structure and function of the medulla oblongata….

A

the bottom-most part of your brain where your brain and spinal cord connect, making it a key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body

74
Q

How do we focus on a near object ?

A

The lens gets thicker to bend light rays more

75
Q

Why can people who are short sighted not see distant objects clearly ?

A

Light rays meet in front of retina
light is refracted too much

76
Q

Importance of mitosis in
Growth..
Repair…
Asexual reproduction…

A

Growth: mitosis produces new cells
Repair: damadged replaced or dead cells
Asexual reproduction: mitosis produces offspring identical to parent

77
Q

Importance of mitosis in
Growth..
Repair…
Asexual reproduction…

A

Growth: mitosis produces new cells
Repair: damadged replaced or dead cells
Asexual reproduction: mitosis produces offspring identical to parent

78
Q

Describe cancer as a result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division..

A

Mutations in genes cause cancer by accelerating cell division

79
Q

What does cell differentiation allow?

A

Cells to specialise and perform specific functions in the organism

80
Q

How does ct and pet scanning help access brain tissue ?

A

Ct scanning uses X-rays to create detailed cross sectional images of the brain

Biology (7 decks)

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