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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells And Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nucleus contain generic material in the form of?

A

The nucleus contains generic information in the form of chromosomes.

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2
Q

What is created by mitosis?

A

Two cells identical to the original cell- the nucleus of each new cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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3
Q

What do multicellular cells use mitosis for?

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged

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4
Q

Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis is asexual reproduction.

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5
Q

Whats the order of mitosis ?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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6
Q

What happens In interphase ? (Stage before mitosis)

A

Before it divides, the cell has to grow to increase the amount of subcellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria.
Them duplicates its dna

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7
Q

What happens in prophase? Stage (2)

A

The chromosomes condense and the memberane around the nucleus breaks down to let chromomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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8
Q

What happens in metaphase? (Stage 3)

A

Chromosomes line up at the centre of a cell.

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9
Q

What happens in anaphase (stage 4)

A

Spindle fibres pull chromosomes apart. Chromatic are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

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10
Q

What happens in telophase (stage 5)

A

Membrane form around each set of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of the two new cells.

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11
Q

What happens in cytokinesis ( stage 6)

A

The cytoplasm and cell memberane divide to form seprrage cells

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12
Q

How to Calculate the number of cells there will be after multiple divisions ?

A

Number of cells = 2^n
Where ‘n’ is the number of divisions by mitosis

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13
Q

What are the processes in which a plant or animal develops from?

A

Cell differentiation- cell changes to become specialised for its job.

Cell division- by mitosis

Plants also grow by cell elongation - where a plant cell expands making the cell bigger to make the plant grow

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14
Q

How do plants mainly grow in height ?

A

Cell elongation.

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15
Q

How do animals grow ?

A

Cell division when they are young. When they are old, cell division is mainly for repairs

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16
Q

What is a random change in a gene called?

A

A mutation.

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17
Q

What is a random change in a gene called?

A

A mutation.

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18
Q

What may happen if there’s a change in one of the genes that controls cell division?

A

The cells may Start dividing uncontrollably. This can result in a tumor. If the tumor invades and destroys surrounding tissue it’s called cancer.

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19
Q

What are growth / percentile charts used for?

A

Asses a child’s growth over time and highlight any problems and patterns

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20
Q

What would it mean if a three month old is in the 75 th percentile for weight ?

A

It would mean 75% of other 3 months old are lighter than it but 25% are heavier.

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21
Q

What are Stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells are stem cells . They have not yet specialised to perform a certain function.

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22
Q

Why does an early human embryo have lots of stem cells?

A

Because embryonic stem cells have the potential to divide and produced any kind of cell at all. This would make sense as embryonic stem cells start of the human body.

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23
Q

What are stem cells important for?

A

Growth and development of organisms

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24
Q

Where are stem cells often found in adults and what are they used for?

A

Stem cells are usually found in bone marrow within an adult. There mainly used to replace damadged cells.

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25
Q

Where are the only cells that divide by mitosis found on a plant?

A

In plant tissues called meristems.

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26
Q

Where is mertistem tissue often found?

A

Meristem tissue is often found in areas of the plant that are growing.
Eg: the roots and shoots.

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27
Q

What are meristems able to produce?

A

Meristems are able to produce unspecialised cells that are able to divide and differentiate to form any type of cell in the plant for as long as the plant lives

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28
Q

Uses/advantags of stem cells in medicine?

A

create specialised cells to replace ones which have been damadged by disease or injury

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29
Q

Risks of using stem cells in transplants…

A

Rejection- patients body may recognise cells as foreign and trigger an immune response to get rid of them

Tumor development- if scientists can’t control the rate at which stem cells divide, a tumor may develop.

Disease transmittion- if donor cells are infected with a virus , it could be passed onto recipient. -

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30
Q

What’s the role of the central nervous system ?

A

Too coordinate a reponse

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31
Q

What’s the order of what happens in the central nervous system?

A

-Stimulus
-Receptor converts info into electrical impulse.
-electrical impulse sent along the sensory neuron.
-impulses travel through the CNS along relay neurons.
-info sent along motor neuron.
-effector which leads to a replace

32
Q

What do neurons transmit information as?

A

Electrical impulses.

33
Q

Where do dendrites and dendroms carry nerve impulses ?

A

Dendrites and dendrons carry nerve impulses towards the cell body.

34
Q

Where do axons carry nerve impulses?

A

Axons carry nerve impulses away from the cell body.

35
Q

What’s the myelin sheath and what does it surround?

A

The myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse.
It surrounds some axons

36
Q

Why can neurons be very long?

A

Neurons can be very long to speed up the electrical impulse. As connecting with another neuron would slow the impulse down

37
Q

Why can neurons be very long?

A

Neurons can be very long to speed up the electrical impulse. As connecting with another neuron would slow the impulse down

38
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron

39
Q

What happens in the SENSORY NEURON?

A

One long dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body, which is located in the middle of the neuron.
One short axon carries the impulse from the cell body to the CNS

40
Q

What happens in the MOTOR NEURON?

A

short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body.

One long axon carries the impulse from the cell body to effector cells.

41
Q

What happens in the relay neurone ?

A

Short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the sensory neurones to the cell body.
Axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the motor neurones.

42
Q

What’s the connection between two neurones called?

A

The connection between two neurones is called a synapse.

43
Q

What is the nerve signal transferred by?
How do they move across a synapse?

A

Nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters, which diffuse across a gap.

Neurotransmitters then set off an electrical signal at the next neurone

44
Q

Why is the transmittion of a nervous impulse slowed down ?

A

Nervous impulses are slowed down because it takes time for them to neurotransmitters to diffuse across a synapse

45
Q

What’s a reflex and what does it help do?

A

Reflexes are automatic, rapid responses to stimuli- they can reduce chance of injury

46
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information from receptor to effector

47
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information from receptor to effector

48
Q

What is the order of a reflex reaction?

A

1)Stimulus
2)Receptors
3)Sensory neurone
4)Synapse
5)relay neurone
6)synapse
7)motor neurone
8)effector
9)reponse

49
Q

Why are reflexes faster than other responses?

A

Because they bypass conscious parts of your brain when a super fast response is essential.

50
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain
Spinal cprd

51
Q

Where is the cerebrum and what is it responsible for (brain)

A

The cerebrum is in the top / back of the brain and is responsible for :
Movement
Intelligence
Memory
Language
Vision

52
Q

Where is the cerebellum in the brain and what is it responsible for?

A

The cerebellum is in the bottom / back of the brain and is reponsible for muscle coordination and balance.

53
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata and what is it responsible for? (Brain)

A

The medulla oblongata is in Bottom of the brain
Controls unconscious activity such as breathing and heart rate.

54
Q

What are our 2 ways of seeing the brain?

A

CT scanners
PET scanners

55
Q

What do CT scanners use to get an image of the brain?
What can CT scanners show?

A

-CT scanners use x-rays to produce images of the brain

-CT scanning can only show the main structures of the brain, not their functions.

56
Q

What do PET scanners use to see the brain?
What can PET scanners be used to see?

A
  • PET scanners use radioactive chemicals to show which parts of the brain are active when the persons in the scanner.

-PET scanners can see both structure and the function of the brain in real time.

57
Q

What can PET scans of the brain be useful to find out?

A

Areas of the brain that are inactive and study disorders that change brain activity

58
Q

What is the function of the cornea in the eye?
What else does the same thing?

A

-It refracts light into the eye
-the lens also refracts light, focusing it onto the retina

59
Q

What’s the function of the iris in the eye?

A

The iris controls how much light enters the pupil.

60
Q

What is the retina in the eye?

A

The light sensitive part , covered in receptor cells called rods and cones which detect light .

61
Q

What light do rods detect?

A

Rods detect dim light .
Rods can’t detect colours.

62
Q

What light do cones detect ?

A

-Cones detect colours
- not so good with dim light.

63
Q

What is the information from light converted into?
How does this go from the receptors to the brain?

A

-The information from light is converted into electrical impulses

-the optic nerve carries these impulses to the brain.

64
Q

What is red-green colour blindness caused by?

A

Red-green colour blindness is caused by the red or green cones in the retina aren’t working properly

65
Q

What is a cataract/ blurry vision caused by ?

A

A cloudy patch on the lens which stops light being enter the eye.

66
Q

How to we focus on near objects?

A

The ciliary muscle contracts which slackens suspensions ligaments.
Lens becomes more rounded which helps refract light z

67
Q

How Do we look at distant objects?

A

1)The ciliary muscle relaxes which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight.

2)The less becomes less rounded Which means light is refracted less

68
Q

What is long sightedness caused by?
What lens do glasses or contacts need to fix longsightedness?

A

1)The lens doesn’t bend light enough.
2)Light from near objects is bought into focus behind the retina.
- need glasses with a convex lens to correct it

69
Q

What is short sightedness caused by?
What lens is needed in glasses to fix it?

A

1)Short sightedness is caused by the lens bending light too much.

2)light from distant objects is bought into focus in front of the retina.
-need a concave lens to fix this

70
Q

Does a convex lens increase or decrease refraction?

A

A convex lens increases refraction.

71
Q

Describe cancer as the result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled cell division…

A

Uncontrolled growth caused a lump called a tumor to form
It begins to grow and divide uncontrollably,
new cells are produced which the body doesn’t need.

72
Q

Explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cells…

A

It allows cells to specialise and perform specific functions in an organism

73
Q

What’s the largest part of your brain and what are the 2 halves it’s split into called?
What functions does it control?

A

Cerebrum
Divides into cerebral hemispheres
Intelligence, personality , concious thought

74
Q

Each hemisphere controls….

A

One side of the body

75
Q

Structure and function of the medulla oblongata….

A

the bottom-most part of your brain where your brain and spinal cord connect, making it a key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body

Biology (7 decks)

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