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Biology > Topic 1- Key Concepts In Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1- Key Concepts In Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are all things made of?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What’s a eukaryotic cell?
Example

A

Eukaryotic cells are complex
Eg- animal , plant cells

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3
Q

What’s a prokaryotic cell?
Example-

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler.
Example- bacteria cell

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4
Q

What’s a prokaryotic cell?
Example-

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler.
Example- bacteria cell

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5
Q

Features of an animal cell and what they do…

A

Nucleus- contains generic information, controls the activities of the cell.

Mitochondria-where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration takes place.

Ribosomes- involved in translation of genetic material and protein synthesis.

Cytoplasm- where most chemical reactions happen, contain enzymes to aid these reactions.

Cell memberane- holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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6
Q

Structures of a plant cell…
What they do and contain within them…

A

Cell wall- strengthens the cell. Contains cellulose.

Large vacuole- maintains internal pressure of the cell. Contains cell sap.

Chloroplasts - where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll

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7
Q

Subcellular structures of a bacteria cell and what they do.

A

Ribosomes- involved in translation of genetic material and protein synthesis.

Cell memberane- holds the cell together and controls what goes out and in

Chromosomal DNA- controls the cells activities , floats freely in the cytoplasm

Plasmid DNA- small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome.

Flagellum- long hairlike structure that rotates to make the bacteria move . Move the bacteria away from harm and to useful substances.

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8
Q

What’s a specialised cell?
Examples of specialised cells…

A

A cell which’s structure makes it adapted to its function
Eg: egg, sperm, ciliated epithelial cells.

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9
Q

How is an egg cell specialised ?

A

It contains nutrients in its cytoplasm to feed the embryo.

It has a haploid nucleus

After fertilisation, its memberane changes structure to stop sperm getting in so the offspring has the right amount of DNA

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10
Q

What’s the function of an egg cell?

A

The function of an egg cell is to carry female dna and to nourish the developing embryo in its early stages

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11
Q

What’s the function of a sperm cell?

A

The function of a sperm celll is to transport the males DNA to the females egg.

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12
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A
  • A sperm cell has a long tail so it can swim to the egg.
  • It has mitochondria in the middle to provide energy through respiration.
  • It has an acrosome in its head which contains enzymes needed to digest its way through the egg cells membrane.
  • Has a haploid nucleus
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13
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

A

They line the surfaces of organs

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14
Q

How is a ciliated epithelial cell specialised?
Example of where they are…

A

-The cilia beats to move substances in one direction along the surface of a tissue.

-example- the lining of airways have lots of ciliated epithelial cells to help move mucus up to the throat so it can be swallowed and not reach the lungs

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15
Q

When were light microscopes invented?
What can we use light microscopes to see?

A

Light microscopes were invented in the 1590s. We can use them to see things like nuclei and chloroplasts, to study living cells.

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16
Q

When were electron microscopes invented?
Do they have a higher or lower resolution and magnification than light microscopes?
What can they be used to see?

A

-Electron microscopes were invented in the 1930s.

-electron microscopes have higher resolutions and magnifications than light microscopes.

-electron microscopes can be used to see subcellular structures, however they can’t see living cells.

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17
Q

What is it important to remember to add when drawing a scientific drawing of a specimen?

A

Magnification
Scale

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18
Q

Practical for using a light microscope, how to use it ….

A

1) take a thin slice of specimen.

2)take a clean slide and use a pipette to put a drop of water on it. Use tweezers to place your specimen on the slide.

3)add a drop of stain if your specimen is colourless, this makes it easier to see.

4)place a cover at one end of the specimen, holding it at an angle with a mounted needle then lower it onto the slide. Press down gently ensuring there are no air bubbles trapped under it.

5) select the lowest power objective lens.

6) use the course adjustment knob to move the stage up so the slide is just underneath the objective lens.

7) adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob.

8) if needed, swaps to a high- powered objective lens.

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19
Q

How to workout out the total magnification?

A

Magnification = eyepiece lens mag X objective lens mag

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20
Q

Another way to measure magnification if you don’t know which lenses were used…

A

Magnification = image size / real size

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21
Q

Formula triangle for image size magnification and real size …

A
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22
Q

If we’re estimating , what do we always round to?

A

1 signifcant figure

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23
Q

What’s the order of a nanometer picometer milimeter and micrometer from smallest to largest.

A

Picometer
Nanometer
Micrometer
Millimeter

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24
Q

Definition of a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.

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25
Q

What is the substrate?

A

The substrate is the molecule involved in the reaction which fits into the active site of the enzyme.

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26
Q

What’s the activity site of an enzyme?

A

The active site of an enzyme is the part where it joins into the substrate to catalyse the reaction.

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27
Q

What Do we say when enzymes only work with one substrate?

A

They have high specifity for their substrate.

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28
Q

What is necessary for enzymes to work.
What do we call this theory?

A
  • the substrate has to fit into the active site, we call this the lock and key theory.
29
Q

What is the temp or ph called when the enzyme is the most active ?

A

Optimum temperature/ pH

30
Q

What happens to the rate of reaction as you increase the temperature?

A

A higher temperature will increase the rate at first, up to a certain point.

31
Q

What happens when an enzyme becomes denatured?

A

When it gets to hot some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. This changes the shape of the enzymes active site. As a result, the substrate can’t fit into the active site anymore

32
Q

What’s the optimum pH for most enzymes?

A

pH 7

33
Q

How does the right substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction in an enzyme?

A

The higher the substrate concentration, the faster the reaction. This is true up till a certain point where all the enzymes active sites become full and adding more substrate will make no difference as it will go unused.

34
Q

What colour will an iodine solution go if starch is present?

A

Browny orange——> blue-black

35
Q

How to investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity ? ( practical)

A

1- place iodine in the drops of a spotting tile

2-place buffer ( differnt pH’s ) solution, amaylase and starch in a water bath at 25 degrees.

3-mix the buffer, amylase and starch for one pH

4- add the mixture to the drop of iodine and time the colour change.

5- repeat with other buffer solutions of differnt pH

36
Q

How to calculate the rate of a reaction such as the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

Rate = 1000/time

37
Q

What is another way to calculate rate of reaction if you have another value such as a volume of an element?

A

Rate of reaction = change / time
The other formula is still 1000/time

38
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

39
Q

Examples of enzymes breaking down big molecules into smaller ones, in the body and a plant.

A

Body- digestive enzymes break down the big molecules that can’t pass through digestive system walls, into smaller soluble molecules that can pass through and be absorbed into the bloodstream easier.

Plants- when plants need energy the enzymes break down the starch into small molecules (sugars) . These can then be respired to transfer energy to be used in cells.

40
Q

What are enzymes called that convert carbohydrates into what?
What’s an example of a carbohydrate?

A

Enzymes called carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Example of a carbohydrate is amylase.

41
Q

What enzyme converts proteins into amino acids?

A

Proteases convert proteins into amino acids

42
Q

What enzyme converts proteins into amino acids?

A

Proteases convert proteins into amino acids

43
Q

What enzyme converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Lipase converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

44
Q

How are proteins made?
What catylases the reactions needed to do this?

A

By joining amino acids together.
Enzymes catalyse the reactions needed to do this.

45
Q

What is glycogen synthase?

A

Glycogen synthase is an enzyme that joins together lots of chains of glucose molecules to make a glycogen.

46
Q

What test can test of sugars?

A

Benedict’s reagent.

47
Q

How to test for sugars (Benedict’s reagent test)

Order of least- most sugar concentration based on the colour of three precipitate?

A

Add Benedict’s reagent (blue) to a sample and heat it in a water bath set at 75 degrees. If the tests positive it wil form a coloured precipitate.

Least- blue, green, yellow, orange, brick red- most

48
Q

What test is used to test for proteins?

A

The Biuret test is used for proteins.

49
Q

Steps of the test for proteins ( biuret test) …

How do you know if there’s protein in the solution?

A

1) add a few drops of potassium hydroxide solution to make the solution alkaline.

2) then add some copper sulfare solution (which is bright blue).

If there’s no protein the solution will stay blue.

If protein is present the solution will turn purple.

50
Q

What test is used to test for lipids?

A

The emulsion test.

51
Q

How to carry out the test for lipids? (Emulsion test)

A

1) shake the rest substance with ethanol for about a minute until it dissolves, then pour the solution into water.

2) if there are any lipids present , they will precipitate out of the liquid and show up as a milky emulsion.

3) the more lipid there is the more noticeable the milky colour will be.

52
Q

What does the word emulsion mean?

A

When one liquid doesn’t dissolve in another- it forms little droplets.

53
Q

How do we test for starch?

What colour does the sample go if starch is present ?

A

Add Iodine to the test sample.

If starch is present the sample changes from a browny-orange colour to a dark black-blue colour.

54
Q

What is calirometry?

A

Burning a food to see how much energy it contains

55
Q

How to carry out the calirometry practical?

A

1)Get a dry food. Weigh a small amount of it and put it on a mounted needle.

2)add a set volume of water to a boiling tube held with a clamp. (This is used to measure the amount of energy that’s transferred when the food is burnt.)

3)measure temp of water and set fire to food using Bunsen burner flame, make sure there’s no water near the Bunsen or it may effect results.

4)hold the burning food under the boiling tube till it goes out then relight it. Repeat this until the food won’t catch fire again.

5) finally measure the temp of the water.

56
Q

First calculation needed in calirometry to find the energy of the food.

Second equation needed to find the energy PER GRAM of that food?

A

1)Energy of food (J) = mass of water(g) X temp change of water X4.2

2) energy per gram of food(J/g) = energy in food(j) / mass of food (g)

57
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the overall movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.

58
Q

What substances does diffusion happen in?

A

Liquids
Gases

59
Q

Example of a few molecules that are small enough to diffuse through a cell membrane ?

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Water
Oxygen

60
Q

Definition of active transport?

A

Active transport Is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient ( from an area of Lower to an area of higher concentration) using energy transfered through respiration.

61
Q

Example of active transport being used in the body?

A

When the gut has lower concentration of nutrients in it than the blood. But the body still allows the Nutrients to be taken into the blood, this is essential to stop us from starving.

62
Q

What’s the definition of osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

63
Q

What does it mean for the water concentration when the solute concentration gets higher in osmosis ?

A

The higher the solute concentration, the lower the water concentration.

64
Q

How carry out the osmosis experiment ( potatoe sucrose)

What’s the only thing you should change in this experiment?

A

1)prepare sucrose solutions of differnt concentrations ranging from pure water to a very concentrated sucrose solution.

2)use a bork corer to potatoes into similar size pieces

3) divide the cylinders into groups of 3 and use a mass balance to measure the mass of each group.

4)place one group in each solution and leave them in the water for at least 40 mins

5)remove the cylinders and pat they dry to remove excess water

6)weigh each group again and record the results.

7)the only thing you should change in this experiment is the sucrose solution. Everything else must be kept the same to ensure valid results.

65
Q

For the osmosis experiment, how to do we calculate the % change in Mass of the potatoe before and after the experiment?

A
66
Q

What does osmosis make water do?

A

Osmosis makes water flow from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. It tried to ‘even up’ the concentration on both sides

67
Q

Hoe has microscope technology including electron microscopy , enabled us to see cell structures and organelles with more clarity than in the past?

A

Electrons offer higher resolving power because the wave length of an electron is 100,000 times shorter than that of a photon.

It meant that researchers were able to describe the body at a microscopic level

Greater resolution and magnification capacity

68
Q

Biggest - smallest

Milli pico micro nano

A

Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico

Biology (7 decks)

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