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Biology > Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s homeostasis ?

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes from internal and external conditions

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2
Q

6 things that need to be controlled in the human body….

A

Waste products …
-Removal of c02
-Removal of urea

Good and need to be kept at right level…
-Water content
-sugar content
-temperature
-ion content

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3
Q

What happens if you have too much carbon dioxide in your?

A

Blood ph becomes acidic, cells denature

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4
Q

What happens if you have too much urea in you?

A

Too much alkali

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5
Q

3 ways the body gains heart..

A

-general metabolism

-radiation and conduction from the environment

-muscle contractions

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6
Q

3 ways the body looses heat…

A

-expiration and excretion

-evaporation of sweat

-radiation, conduction and convection from the environment

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7
Q

How does the skin protect us when we’re too cold?

A

-fat in the skin works as insulation

-nerve endings in the skin detect temperature

-hair works as insulator and traps air in it

-vasconstriction . Blood vessels get thinner to reduce blood flow near the surface

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8
Q

2 ways the skin protects us when we’re too hot…

A

-sweating , evaporation of sweat on the skin surface takes heat away from blood and cools it

-vasolidarion, blood vessels get wider increasing blood flow to skin surface

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9
Q

What’s negative feedback?
Human Example of negative feedback

A

-when a change happens and something happens to undo that

-you’ve eaten too much and feel sick so you stop eating

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10
Q

What’s positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback makes change worse, exxagwrates it

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11
Q

What’s the hypothalamus?

A

Part of your brain that monitors everything such as temp

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12
Q

What’s the pituitary?
What’s it also involved in?

A

-A gland that produces hormones.
-involved in homeostasis

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13
Q

What’s the body does when our body temp goes up and we want to bring it down?

A

-increase in blood temp / impulses from skin, warm receptors up

-detected by thermometers in the heat loss centre of the hypothalamus

-impulses vio motor neurons leads to response such as sweating

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14
Q

What happens when our body temp goes DOWN and we want to bring it up?

A

-decrease in blood temp / impulses from skin cold the receptors

-impulses via motor neurons give us the responses such as shivering

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15
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Endocrine = within a blood stream

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16
Q

What does the endocrine system coordinate ?

A

Body’s organs so they work together

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17
Q

What’s the endocrine system based on?

A

The production of chemical messengers called hormones

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18
Q

Where are hormones produced?
What are they transported in?

A

In endocrine glands
They’re transported in the blood

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19
Q

What do hormones control?

A

Hormones control body processes that require serval organs to interact for a combined effect

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20
Q

What’s negative feedback?

A

A process that acts to reduce the changes of the process itself and restores systems to their original level

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21
Q

What does your thyroid gland produce ?
What chemicals are combined to form it.

A

-thyroxine

-iodine combined with tyrosine

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22
Q

What’s the thyroid gland responsible for?
How does it do this?

A

-Regulation of metabolism - transferring energy from stores to make it available for cells

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23
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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24
Q

What does the TSH stimulate the thyroid to release ?

A

Thyroxine

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25
Q

How does thyroxine and negative feedback work together?

A

1) body required more energy, hypothalamus makes pituitary gland release TSH

2) TSH travels in the blood to the thyroid gland and stimulated the gland to release thyroxine

3)thyroxine causes metabolic rate to increase, this causes an increase of energy transfer to cells

4)cells now have required amount of energy

Feed back sent to hypothalamus to stop release of TSH

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26
Q

How do we prevent thyroxine being released more than it should be?

A

Negative feedback

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27
Q

What does the fallopian tube/ oviduct do?
Whay happens in here?

A

Delivers egg to the uterus.
Fertilisation

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28
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases and egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised

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29
Q

What are tbe 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

1) lining of uterus breaks down

2)uterus lining repaired from day 4-14 it’s built up until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels

3) egg develops and is released from ovary during ovulation at day 14

4)lining maintained till day 28, if no fertilised egg lands on uterus wall by day 28 , the cycle starts again

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30
Q

Where’s insulin produced ?
What’s it used for?

A

The pancreas
Regulated blood sugar level

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31
Q

Where’s testosterone produced and what does it help do

A

-produces in the testes
-controls puberty and sperm production In males

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32
Q

Where’s adrenaline produced and what responses does it bring about

A

Adrenal gland
Prepared flight or fight response

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33
Q

Differences between hormones and nerves …

A

Nerves - very fast action, act for a very short time, act on a precise area

Hormones - slower action, act for long time, act in a more general area

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34
Q

Examples of what the nervous system is used for and why hormones couldn’t be used for it…

A

-Signals that your body is feeling pain
-Information in your eyes telling you there’s something dangerous coming your way

-hormones would be too slow

35
Q

How can you tell something was a hormonal response from afterwards…

A

You feel a bit wobbly afterwards

36
Q

How does Adrenalin prepare the body for fight or flight ?

A

-increased heart rate

-increased blood pressure

-Increased blood flow to muscles

-raised blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to change glycogen jnto glucose

37
Q

What does FSH stand for ?
Where’s it released ?
What does it cause?
What hormone does it stimulate the production of ?

A

-Follicle-stimulating hormone

-released by the pituitary gland

-causes a follicle( an egg and its surrounding cells ) to mature in one of the ovaries

Stimulates oestrogen

38
Q

Where’s oestrogen released ?

What does it cause?

What does it stimulate the pituitary to release.

A

-Released by the ovaries

-Causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow

  • stimulates pituitary gland to secrete LH
39
Q

What does LH stand for ?
What does a sharp rise in LH trigger?

A

-Lutensing hormone

-triggers ovulation

40
Q

Where’s progesterone releases me after what?
What does it maintain?
What hormones does it inhibit the release of?
What happens when progesterone levels drop?
What do low progesterone levels allow?

A

-released by the corpus luteum after ovulation

-maintains the lining of the uterus

-inhibits the release of LH and FSH

-there’s a low oestrogen level and the uterus lining breaks down

-FSH levels to increase and the cycle to start again

41
Q

What will happen to the level of progesterone if the egg is fertilised ?

A

It will stay high to maintain the lining of the uterus during pregnancy

42
Q

2 methods infertile women can use to get pregnant ..

A

Clomifne therapy
Ivf (in vitro fertilisation )

43
Q

How does clomifene therapy help a woman become fertile ?

A

1) women take clomifene
2) causes more FSH and LH to be released by body which stimulates egg maturation and ovulation.
3)by knowing when the woman will be ovulating the couple can have intercourse during this period

44
Q

Steps of IVF…

A

1) get your sperm tested.
2) check reproductive organs
3)fertility medication
4)egg collection and checked for damage
5)sperm collection
6)egg fertilisation. Inject sperm into egg and incubate it.
7)replant into mother

45
Q

What happens when a hormone has had its desired effect ?

A

Further production of it should be controlled

46
Q

What enzyme does the pancreas produce ?

A

Lipase

47
Q

Endocrine =
Exocrine =

A

Endocrine = released into the blood
Exocrine =released outside of the blood

48
Q

How can oestrogen be a contraceptive?

A

Prevents the release of an egg. If oestrogen levels are permanently high , it inhibits production FSH

49
Q

How can progesterone reduce fertility?

A

Stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevent sperm getting through the entrance to uterus

50
Q

Barrier contraceptive method?

A

Condoms
Diaphragms

51
Q

Pros and cons of hormonal contraceptive methods?

A

Pros- more defective at preventing pregnancy the barrier methods.
Means the couple doesn’t have to stop and think about barrier methods during intercourse

Cons- side effects ( headaches , ache, mood changes)
Don’t stop STIs

52
Q

3 Examples of homeostasis

A

1)Blood glucose regulation

2)thermoregulatiom

3)osmo regulation - balancing water in and water out

53
Q

What 2 hormones control blood glucose concentration

A

Insulin
Glucagon

54
Q

What foods puts glucose into the blood and where from
How’s glucose removed from the blood?
where’s excess glucose first store and as what?
Where does the excess go when this store is full ?
What organ monitors changes in blood glucose? By releasing what?

A

-Foods w carbohydrates in them put glucose in blood through small intestine

-normal metabolism of cells and virtuous excercise removes more

-glycogen in the liver and muscles.

-stored as (lipid) ‘fat in tissues

-pancreas by releasing glucagon and insulin

55
Q

Does insulin remove or add glucose to the blood?

A

Insulin removed glucose from the blood
Glucagon adds glucose to the blood

56
Q

What happens when blood glucose concentration is too high ?

A

-Insulin secreted by pancreas

-Glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells

-Insulin makes liver turn glucose into glycogen

-blood glucose reduced

57
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

A

-glucagon secreted by pancreas

-glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose

-glucose released into blood by liver

-blood glucose increased

58
Q

What are the 2 types of diabetes ? What are they caused by

A

Type 1- lack of insulin
Type 2 -insulin resistance

59
Q

How is a person with type 1 diabetes treated ( pancreas produced little / no insulin)
What does the amount of insulin injected depend on?
What are 2 other ways people with type 1 diabetes reduce glucose levels ?

A

-treated with insulin therapy

-insulin injected into subcutaneous tissue —> enters bloodstream

-very effective treatment

2)a persons diet and how active they are

3) excercise - removed excess glucose
Limiting intake of food high in carbs

60
Q

How’s type 2 diabetes controlled

A

Excercise
Better diet
Sometimes insulin injections

61
Q

What does type 2 diabetes link to ?

A

Obesity

62
Q

How to calculate bmi?

A

Bmi = Mass (kg)/ height^2 m

63
Q

How’s waist to hip ratio calculated

A

Waist to hip ratio = waist circumference / hip circumference (cm)

64
Q

What part of the brain controls body temp

A

Hypothalamus

65
Q

Why does water content in the blood need to be controlled?

A

Keep cells functioning normally

66
Q

How does water travel inbetweem cells and the blood?

A

Via osmosis

67
Q

What’s osmosis ?

A

Osmosis Is the diffusion of water from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane

68
Q

3 main roles of kidneys ?
How’s urea produced?
How do they do all this?

A

1)Removal of urea from the blood
Urea is produced in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids

2) adjustment of ion levels in the blood

3) adjustment of water content in the blood.

-filtering stuff out the good under high pressure then absorbing the useful things . End product is urine

69
Q

What are nephrons ?

A

Filtration units in the kidneys

70
Q

3 stages of how nephron works ?
What does the amount of water reabsorbed depend on?

A

1)ultrafiltration
Liquid part of blood(water,ions,glucose) forced out of glomerulus and into the bowman’s capsule at high pressure. Big molecules can’t get through the membrane

2) reabsorption
as liquid flows along nephron —> useful substances reabsorbed . Glucose moves back into blood against concentration gradient. Sufficient ions reabsorbed. (Active transport)
Sufficient water reabsorbed.

3) release of waste
whatever isn’t reabsorbed continues out of nephron via collecting duct—> ureta——> bladder —— > urine released through urethra.

-level of ADH in the blood

71
Q

What is the amount of whatever reabsorbed into the kidney nephrons controlled by?

A

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

72
Q

What’s ADH released by?
What does it do?
What system is water content regulation controlled by?

A

-Pituitary gland

-makes collecting ducts of nephrons more permeable —>more water can be reabsorbed into the blood

-negative feedback system

73
Q

What happens if the brain detects water gain?

A

-Pituitary releases less ADH

-less ADH= kidneys reabsorb less water

74
Q

What happens if the brain detects water loss?

A

-Pituatry gland releases more ADH

-ADH makes kindneys absorb more water

75
Q

2 treatments if someone’s kidney stops working

A

Regular dialysis
Transplant

76
Q

What does a dialysis machine do?

A

Filter the blood instead of a kidney doing it

77
Q

Why does dialysis have to be done regularly?

A

To keep dissolved substances at the right concentrations

Remove waste

78
Q

Why does dialysis fluid have the same concentration of salts and glucose as blood plasma?

A

So they aren’t removed from the blood

79
Q

Whose kidneys are used in kidney transplants?

A

Healthy kidneys of someone who died suddenly and are on an organ donor register

80
Q

How to we prevent rejection from, happening in kidney donations?

A

-A donor has a similar tisssue type as a patient

-immunosuppressant drugs are used so immune system doesn’t attack kidney

81
Q

What separates blood and dialysis fluid in dialysis’s?

A

A partially permeable membrane

82
Q

What’s good about dialysis?

A

-Urea removed / water balance restored to normal

-medication can be administered at the same time

-patients return to good health

-

83
Q

Problems with dialysis?

A

-increased risk of infection/ low blood pressure

-regular trips to hospital and need dialysis machine at home

84
Q

Explain the effects of Adrenalin on the liver cells during excercise (3marks)

A
  • binds to receptors on the liver

-triggered cells to covert glycogen into glucose

  • increasing concentration of glucose in the blood

Biology (7 decks)

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