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zBiology > Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose —> carbon dioxide + water

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2
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —> lactic acid

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3
Q

What gases are exchanged in your lungs?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

How are capillaries (narrow blood vessels) in the lungs adapted to their function? What

A

Are thin so that particles don’t have to diffuse very far.
Large surface area - more room for particles to diffuse.

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5
Q

What is the surface area : volume ratio?

A

Is the surface area / volume

The bigger the ratio the more surface area something has per unit volume. The bigger the cell the smaller the ratio. If that ratio is too small, a cell cannot get enough raw materials fast enough. Limit to the size of cell.

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6
Q

What is found in the lungs that increases the speed and amount of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli which increase the surface area.

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7
Q

What is the concentration?

A

The amount of substance in a certain volume.

Concentration (g/cm^3) = mass of solute (g) / volume of solute in dm^3

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8
Q

What is the rate of of diffusion directly proportional to?

A

Concentration difference

Surface area

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9
Q

The difference between two concentrations forms a concentration gradient. Will the steeper the gradient mean a greater difference and a faster rate of diffusion or not?

A

It will

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10
Q

What is the function of an erythrocyte?

A

To carry oxygen.

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11
Q

What is indirectly proportional to the rate of diffusion?

A

1/thickness of membrane (increasing the thickness decreases the rate of diffusion).

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12
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

.

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13
Q

What happens in the circulatory system?

A

Blood flows away from the heart into arteries. These divide into narrow capillaries, which form fine networks running through tissue. Blood returns to the heart in veins.

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14
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that take blood away from the body and have thick, elastic walls.

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15
Q

Which blood vessels contain valves?

A

Veins

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16
Q

What molecule is used to carry oxygen in red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin

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17
Q

Which blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen?

A

Red blood cells and erythrocytes

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18
Q

What is and what does a phagocyte do?

A

A white blood cell that engulfs and removes the foreign cells inside you.

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19
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

Dissolved substances such as urea, carbon dioxide and glucose

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20
Q

What is the components of blood?

A

In each cubic millimetre (mm^3) of blood there are about: 5,000,000 erythrocytes 7,000 whit blood cells 250,000 platelets Plasma

21
Q

What are the adaptations of erythrocytes to allow more space for haemoglobin?

A

No nucleus Biconcave shape allows a large surface area:volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse in and out.

22
Q

What are platelets?

A

Tiny fragments of cells that have no nuclei and produce substances to clot the blood at the site of an injury.

23
Q

What is a pulse?

A

With each beat, the heart squirting blood into the arteries under high pressure. Artery walls are thick to withstand this sudden increase in pressure, but it makes them stretch. A wave of stretching then passes along the artery wall, felt as a pulse.

24
Q

What do veins contain that prevent blood flowing the wrong way?

A

Valves

25
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (litres/min) = stroke volume (lites/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)

26
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each minute.

27
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each beat?

28
Q

The contraction and relaxation of muscles during each heartbeat is controlled by what?

A

Impulses from the nervous system

29
Q

What is your heart rate?

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute.

30
Q

How many chambers does a human heart have?

A

4

31
Q

What happens when blood is prevented from reaching heart muscles?

A

A heart attack

32
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

33
Q

Which side of the heart has the thicker muscle walls?

A

Left side

34
Q

How does regular exercise affect a persons heart strength and ventricle size?

A

Increase in size and strength. So, fitter people often have bigger stroke volumes, and their hearts can beat more slowly to achieve the same cardiac output as a less fit person.

35
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood to the left atrium from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary vein

36
Q

Does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated

37
Q

What is the path that the blood takes in our body?

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart at the Vena cava, passes through the right atrium, then the right ventricle leaving the heart. The blood then enters the pulmonary vein as oxygenated blood, and enters the left atrium, goes through the left ventricle passing out of the heart via the aorta.

38
Q

What is used to help you remember the path of blood in the heart?

A

VA VA VA VA.

39
Q

In human lungs, what is transported into blood using gas exchange?

A

Oxygen

40
Q

What process needs oxygen and glucose?

A

Aerobic respiration

41
Q

How is the concentration gradient of oxygen between the inside and outside of a capillary maintained?

A

By the flow of blood

42
Q

What moves from the blood to the lungs and vice versa through a capillary?

A

Oxygen molecules from the lungs to the blood Carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs

43
Q

What moves from the body cell to the lungs and vice versa through a capillary?

A

Oxygen and glucose molecules from the blood to the body cell for aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide from the body cell to blood.

44
Q

What moves from the small intestine to the lungs and vice versa through a capillary?

A

Glucose from the small intestine to the blood.

45
Q

Is aerobic respiration exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic, a process in which energy transfer increases the temperature of the surroundings.

46
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose.

47
Q

What are examples of specialised exchange surfaces? (5)

A

Roots Gills Alveoli Leaves Small intestine

48
Q

What is the name given to the sum of all the chemical reactions that happen in an organism?

A

Metabolism

zBiology (8 decks)

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