Extra P2 Flashcards
Benefit of plant being day neutral?
Plan can flower all year round and not limited.
What is photoperiodism?
Plants flowering in response to the number of hours of darkness and light.
What can you talk about evlolution?
Mutation and natural selection
Why does reducing water content of plants help preserve them?
Less microorganisms that can reproduce so therefore reduction of decay.
Way to measure light intensity without calculating it?
use a lux meter
Best way to measure how much gas is produced?
Collect gas in a graduated gas syringe to reduce errors generated when old method done.
How does water move from cell to cell?
By osmosis from high conc to low conc through a partially permeable membrane.
Measure distribution?
Quadrat.
Why would a plastic bag be placed around a plant pot during investigation?
Prevent evap of water from soil and to ensure that method is fair
What do you say for a reason if you dont know?
To make it ore fair and valid.
How would glucose production be affected if this plant lost water
glucose production will decrease (1) • photosynthesis will decrease (with increase in waterloss)(1) • as water is used in photosynthesis (1)
What vessel transports mineral ions?
Xylem.
How would a salt solution affect movement of water in and out of plant?
less /slower movement of water into the plant (1) OR • more / faster movement of water out of the plant (1) • (because) less (free) water outside the plant than inside (1)
How do mineral ions get in apart from active transport?
Diffusion.
What does active transport?
PUMPS talk agbout them.
What carries glucose?
Phloem.
Why do stomata close on warm day?
To reduce water loss.
How do mineral ions also get in?
Active transport.
What is the process of positive gravitropism?
auxin (1) moves to / on the underside of the plant root (1) inhibits the elongation of root cells (on the underside of the root) (1) cells on upper side continue to elongate (1) making the root grow downwards
What are the advantages of positive gravitropism?
Anchor the plant/make the plant more stable so root can reach water and get mineral ions.
Experiment to show it is in tip.
Remove tip from one and keep tip for other.
How do auxins cause positive phototropism?
(auxins) move to the shaded side
of a shoot (1)
causing cells on the shaded side
to elongate (1)
What type of weed killers are auxins?
Selective weed killers as they allow broad leaved plant to die but not narrow.
What is sometimes used with auxins for weed killers?
Gibberellins.
What are the negatives of using hormones to treat infertility?
More than one egg released so multiple births and complications for mother or SIDEE AFFECTS
What prevents ovulation?
Progesterone.
What happens with progesterone levels on day 14?
• as ovulation occurs (1)
• the levels of progesterone released from the corpus luteum
increases to maintain the lining of the uterus (1)
How do you know if they are pregnant?
progesterone levels fall after day 23 to 17.11 (1)
• so uterus wall thickness is not maintained and therefore
pregnancy has not occurred (1)
What happens after dehydration?
(dehydration detected by)
osmoreceptors/hypothala
mus (1)
pituitary gland (1)
(releases more) ADH (1)
ADH acts on the
nephron/collecting
duct/tubules (1)
making the {collecting
duct/tubules/nephron}
more permeable (1)
so more water is
reabsorbed (by the
body/blood) (1)What produces progesterone?
Corpus luteum.
What affect does high levels of progesterone have on the uterus lining during pregnancy?
Linin remains thick and continues to grow
What does FSH d o?
Stimulates the follicles to mature.
What does FSH cause to be produced?
oestrogen as follicles release this.
What does oestrogen do?
Repairs the uterus wall.
What does high levels of oestrogen cause?
The release of LH
What does LH trigger?
Ovulation.
What does progesterone do?
Maintains the lining of the uterus.
What does oestrogen inhibit?
The production of FSH.
What does progesterone inhibit?
The production of LH
What does progesterone also inhibit?
The production of FSH
What is menstruation triggered by?
low levels of oestrogen and progesterone.
What does low progesterone cause
FSH to be released
What is menstruation?
When blood comes out.
What sticks out of hairs?
Sebaceous gland.
Why are muscles attached to hair important when it is cold?
the (erector) muscle raises the hair (1) the hair traps air (next to the surface of the skin) (1) this acts as an insulator (1) causing more heat to be retained in the body (1)
What are reptiles?
Ectothermic so they cannot generate own heat for reactions to occur.
What is heat lost by?
Radiation.
Why does exercising cause an increase in temperature?
muscles (contract and relax)(1) • friction (1) • releasing heat by respiration (1)
Where is glucose changed to glycogen?
Liver.
What is vascodilation
vasodilation occurs when the body is hot (1) blood vessels near the surface of the skin widen / the blood vessels increase the amount of blood flow near the surface of the skin
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver or muscle tissue.
Where do insulin and glucagon go?
To the blood streem.
Where is glucose?
In the blood
Explain how blood entering nephron is filtered to remove excess sodium ions and water.
• ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus where the liquid
part of the blood passes into the Bowman’s capsule (1)
• reabsorption takes place as it travels through the proximal
convoluted tubule into the loop of Henle (1)
• finally urine production occurs in the collecting duct and
excess fluid and sodium ions are removed
What is the positive of having a longer loop of henle?
the kangaroo rat lives in the desert so it needs to retain as
much water as possible (1)
• as most water is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, a longer
loop gives more surface area for water reabsorption (1)
Explain how heart makes blood go to lungs
Explain how heart makes blood go to lungs
blood flows into (right) atrium (1) (into right) ventricle (1) (ventricle / heart / muscle) contracts (1) (blood) pressure increased (by heart) (1) blood moves into pulmonary artery (1)
How is vena cava different to aorta?
lower pressure (1)
deoxygenated / low(er) concentration of oxygen (1) greater concentration of carbon dioxide (1) darker (red) (1)
What carries carbon dioxide?
Plasma.
How are blood cells adapted?
the blood vessel has thick walls/small lumen (1)
• to carry oxygenated blood/to carry blood under higher
pressure (1)
Difference between fish and human heart?
Talk about type of blood flowing through heart and human is double circulatory system.
Difference between blood flowing through pulmonary artery and aorta
• (blood in pulmonary artery)
deoxygenated (1)
• (blood in pulmonary artery)
lower pressure (1)
What do you talk about when you say backflow of blood due to lack of valves?
Where it would backflow from and too.
What is cardiac output?
leaving ventricle every minute
What other effects would reducing cardiac output have on athlete?
- less oxygen (reaching muscle)
- less glucose (reaching muscle)
- reduced rate of aerobic respiration
- less energy released
- less carbon dioxide removed
- greater rate of anaerobic respiration
- glucose broken down without oxygen
- reduced muscle contraction
- build up of lactic acid (in muscle cells)
- causing cramp / fatigue
What is equation for aerobic ?
Oxygen + glucose to carbon dioxide and water
Why does oxygen uptake increase when athletes run faster?
muscles contract more / faster (1) more (aerobic) respiration (1) (so) more energy ( is needed from aerobic respiration)
Explain why the concentration of lactic acid in blood changes while resting?
(concentration of lactic acid) decreases (1) • lactic acid broken down(1) • using oxygen / oxidised(1) • into carbon dioxide and water (1) • ref to oxygen debt / EPOC
What is the top layer of the leaf?
Epidermal tissue.
What do auxins do to a cell root?
Stop them elongating.
LOK UP
THYROXINE LOOP
Diaphragm and CAP
OK
What is BMI equation?
Mass/height squared.
How is the nephron adapted for reabsorption of substances?
Large surface area between the nephron and capillaries The cell membrane has microvilli which increase the surface area : volume ratio of the cells Cells that have protein pumps in their cell membranes contain many mitochondria
What are the 4 ways that you loses water uncontrollably?
Sweating
Too much salt
Illness
Exhalation.
Hypotonic?
A hypotonic solution has a higher water concentration and a lower ion concentration than cells.
If the blood becomes hypotonic, cells gain water by osmosis and burst.
What are the 3 osmotic balances?
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
What does it mean when a cell is hypertonic?
A hypertonic solution has a lower water concentration and a higher ion concentration than cells.
If the blood becomes hypertonic, cells lose water by osmosis and shrink.
What is plasma made of?
Dissolved substances such as urea, carbon dioxide and glucose
What are the components of blood?
In each cubic millimetre (mm^3) of blood there are about: 5,000,000 erythrocytes 7,000 whit blood cells 250,000 platelets Plasma
Do platelets have a nucleus?
No
How does regular exercise affect a persons heart strength and ventricle size?
Increase in size and strength. So, fitter people often have bigger stroke volumes, and their hearts can beat more slowly to achieve the same cardiac output as a less fit person.
What is the path that blood takes in the body?
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart at the Vena cava, passes through the right atrium, then the right ventricle leaving the heart. The blood then enters the pulmonary vein as oxygenated blood, and enters the left atrium, goes through the left ventricle passing out of the heart via the aorta.
What are tendons?
On the edge of chambers and stop valves turning inside out.
Where does blood flow into ?
The two atria.
What does the aorta do?
Pump blood to the rest of the body.
Vena cava inferior and superior?
ok
Why is there a limit to how big a cell can be?
Bigger cells are less efficient at transporting materials and waste producrs which is problematic as the cell gets bigger, also need more resources which are harder to get with a low surface area to volume ratio
What is the role of ADH?
It is released from the pituitary gland and it changes the permeability of the collecting duct in nepghrons and increases the concentration of the urine.
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium from the lungs.
What helps you remember the route of blood?
va va va
What happens in VA 1?
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart at the vena cava and passes through the right atrium
What happens in va 2?
then the right ventricle leaving the heart. The blood then enters the pulmonary vein as oxygenated blood, and enters the left atrium
What happens in va 3?
goes through the left ventricle passing out of the heart via the aorta
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
What does the loop of henle do?
recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine. This function allows production of urine that is far more concentrated than blood, limiting the amount of water needed as intake for survival.
How does progesterone prevent pregnancy?
The progestin in the pills has several effects in the body that help prevent pregnancy: The mucus in the cervix thickens, making it difficult for sperm to enter the uterus and fertilize an egg
