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zBiology > Topic 6 - Plant Structures > Flashcards

Topic 6 - Plant Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

the process in plants, cyanobacteria and algae that produces food.

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2
Q

what is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2

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3
Q

what kinda reaction is photosynthesis?

A

endothermic

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4
Q

what is the material in an organism called?

A

it’s biomass

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5
Q

How is sucrose made?

A

As glucose molecules are made, they are linked together to form a polymer called starch. This stays in the chloroplasts until photosynthesis stops. The starch is then broken down into simpler substances, which are moved into the cytoplasm and used to make sucrose.

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6
Q

What 3 things is sucrose used to make?

A

Starch, in a store organ such as a potato
Other molecules for the plant, such as cellulose, lipids or proteins
Glucose for respiration, to release energy

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7
Q

What adaptations of leaves make them absorb great deal of light?

A

the leaves are often broad and flat, increases the surface area.
the palisade cells near the top of the leaf are packed with chloroplast.

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8
Q

What allows carbon dioxide to easily diffuse into the leave and trap it in?

A

stomata

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9
Q

what open and close the stomata?

A

guard cells

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10
Q

What happens to the stomata at night and what happens in the day?

A

At night, water flows out of the guard cells. they lose their rigidity and the stomata shuts.

In the day time, water flows into the pairs of the guard cell making them rigid, therefore opening the stomata.

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11
Q

What are the 2 examples of gas exchange in a leaf?

A

carbon dioxide easily diffuses into the thin leaf.

stomata allows the oxygen produced by photosynthesis to escape into the air, as well as water vapour.

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12
Q

In a food chain, consumers eat other organisms. What word is used to describe organisms that make their own food?

A

producers.

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13
Q

what is a limiting factor?

A

a factor that limits the rate increasing.

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14
Q

what can be the 4 limiting factors in photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide
Chlorophyll concentration
Temperature
and light intensity

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15
Q

What are two ways photosynthesis is affected by being higher up in the mountains than sea level?

A

There are fewer molecules in each cubic centimetre of air at the top than bottom of a mountain. This reduced concentration of air molecules causes a lower rate of photosynthesis.

the reaction in photosynthesis are catalysed by enzymes that work in better at warmer temperatures. In a mountain it is cold so the rate is lower.

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16
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

to calculate the new light intensity when the distance of a light source changes (from d original to d new), we use:

new light intensity = light intensity original x original distance^2 / new distance^2

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17
Q

What is inversely proportional to the new light intensity?

A

The new distance squared

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18
Q

What adaptations do root hair cells have to absorb more water and mineral ions?

A

The hairs are extensions of the cell that provide a large surface area so that water and mineral ions are absorbed quickly

thin cells walls so it doesn’t slow down absorption

no chloroplasts

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19
Q

how is the xylem specialised to transport water up the stem of a plant and into their leaves.

A

it is made up of dead xylem cells and the end walls of the dead cells are broken to allow water to move through.

lignin, to strengthen the cell walls of the xylem cells so it doesn’t burst under the water pressure.

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20
Q

what are the 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration?

A

airflow
humidity
temperature
light intensity

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21
Q

what is transpiration

A

The transporting of water and minerals dissolved in it through the plant.

22
Q

how does air flow affect transpiration?

A

Increased air flow carries water away from the plant’s leaves, encouraging more water to evaporate.

Increased air flow increases the rate of transpiration.

23
Q

how does humidity affect transpiration?

A

Increased humidity increases the amount of water in the air. This makes it more difficult for more water to evaporate.

Increasing humidity decreases the rate of transpiration.

24
Q

how does temperature affect transpiration?

A

Increased temperature makes water evaporate faster, which increases the rate of transpiration.

25
Q

how does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

Increased light intensity makes water evaporate faster, which increases the rate of transpiration.

26
Q

what is the three steps in the plant with transpiration?

A
  1. water is taken up by osmosis and active transport takes up mineral ions in root hair cells.
  2. then the water and minerals are transported in xylem vessels up the stem and into the leaves.
  3. Once it reaches the leaves, the majority of water evaporates and the water vapour diffuses out (is lost) through open stomata.
    This loss of water from the leaves is known as transpiration and helps to pull water up from the roots.
27
Q

what is the function of the phloem?

A

transports food products to parts of the plant where they are needed. phloem vessels are made up of columns of living cells.

28
Q

what adaptation ,makes the transport of food easier in phloem?

A

The end walls of phloem cells contain small holes to allow food products to move up and down the phloem vessels throughout the plant.

29
Q

where is sucrose translocated?

A

in the sieve tubes of the phloem tissue. The large central channel in each sieve cell is connected to its neighbours by holes, through which is sucrose flows.

30
Q

what kind of cell actively pumps sucrose into or out of the sieve cells that form the sieve tubes?

A

companion cells

31
Q

what is translocation and how is the flow different to transpiration?

A

the process of which food produced in photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to the growing regions of plants and storage organs.

Unlike water transport (transpiration), translocation is bidirectional (movement is both up and down the plant).

32
Q

what are the 4 tissue layers of a leaf in layer order?

A

epidermal tissue
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
stomata

33
Q

what is the epidermal tissue in a leaf?

A

Epidermal tissue covers the outer surface of leaves (as well as the rest of the plant).
It also produces a waxy cuticle layer to stop harmful microorganisms from entering the leaf.

34
Q

what is the palisade mesophyll in a leaf?

A

a row of cells located below the upper epidermis.

these cells have lots of chloroplast to maximise the energy created by photosynthesis, they see a lot of sunlight.

35
Q

what is spongy mesophyll in a leaf?

A

It contains many air spaces, which help with gas exchange throughout the leaf.

36
Q

where are the stomata’s found in a leaf?

A

the lower epidermis.

37
Q

how are conifers adapted to extreme conditions?

A

they have needle-shaped leaves with a much smaller surface area and a very thick waxy cuticle.
conifers also are wind resistant, and can withstand higher winds and collect less snow.
they have sunken stomata which decreases water loss and therefore will increase photosynthesis.

38
Q

what are the 3 types of plant hormones?

A

ethene
gibberellins
auxins

39
Q

what does ethene do?

A

Ethene is a gas that controls cell division, leaf fall and the ripening of fruits.

40
Q

what does auxins do?

A

Auxins change growth patterns to allow roots and shoots to move either towards or away from a stimulus (change in conditions).

Responses to stimuli that involve directional growth are called tropisms.

41
Q

what do gibberellins do?

A

They are importing in starting off the seed germination (sprouting) process.

42
Q

what are the uses of auxins?

A

Auxins are used as weed killers as they can start rapid enough growth for the weeds to use up all of their resources and die.

43
Q

what are the uses of gibberellins?

A

Gibberellins are used to promote flowering, increase fruit size, and start seed germination.
they can also trigger the production of seedless fruit, the fruit is produced without fertilisation.

44
Q

what are the uses of ethene?

A

Ethene is used in the food industry to speed up the ripening of fruit (such as bananas) during transport.
Other hormones can delay ripening, which can be useful when storing fruit.

45
Q

what is a growth in response to a stimulus called?

A

tropism

46
Q

what is growth away from and to light?

A

negative phototropism

positive phototropism

47
Q

name a part of a plant that shows negative phototropism?

A

the roots.

48
Q

What plant hormones cause phototropism?

A

auxins

49
Q

What effect do auxins have on cells in a plant shoot?

A

causes them to elongate

50
Q

what effect do auxins have on cells in a plant root?

A

stop them elongating

51
Q

define positive and negative gravitropism.

A

the growth of a root in response of gravity and negative is against gravity, so up towards the sky.

zBiology (8 decks)

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