Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards
which is faster the hormonal system or the nervous system and why?
the hormonal system is chemical and the nervous system is electrical so therefore the nervous is faster.
what endocrine gland (and where is the gland) do the hormones get produced from?
.
What does the pituitary gland release?
FSH, LH and growth hormone.
What does the thyroid produce?
Thyroxine
What does the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenalin
What sex hormone does the testes produce?
Testosterone
What sex hormone does the ovaries produce?
Oestrogen and progesterone
What’s produced by the pancreas?
Contains cells that produce insulin and others that produce glucagon.
What is a target organ?
An organ that is affected by a specific hormone.
Name an organ that is affected by growth hormone.
Bones/muscles
How do hormones travel around the body?
In the blood.
What affect does adrenaline have on the body?
Increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, increased blood pressure, increases blood sugar concentration, dilates pupils.
How is the liver affected by Adrenalin?
Liver cells change glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood, which increases blood sugar concentration.
What is the role of thyroxine in the body?
To control metabolic rate.
What is negative feedback?
The term that describes when a change in a system cause the opposite change, returning the system to a normal level.
What is you’re metabolic rate?
The rate at which the energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive.
How is the concentration of thyroxine in your blood controlled?
The amount produced is affected by 2 other glands in the photo below. The control of it is an example of a negative feedback, increase in thyroxine means a decrease in the amount of thyroxine released into the blood.
How does Adrenalin affect blood vessels?
Either widens to increase blood flow to muscles. Or narrows to reduce blood flow to those organs and increase blood pressure.
What is the menstrual cycle?
A cycle of changes in a women’s reproductive system that takes about 28 days. Prepares the woman’s body for the fertilisation of an egg, leading to pregnancy.
What happens in day 1 to 5 in the menstrual cycle?
This is when the uterus lining breaks down and is lost with the unfertilised egg cell. Bleeding happens, known as having a period.
What happens on day 5 to about 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Blood loss stops. The uterus begins to regrow and an egg (ovum) starts to mature in one of the ovaries.
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation occurs, a mature egg is released from the ovary. The mature egg travels through the oviduct towards the uterus.
What happens on day 28 of the menstrual cycle?
If the mature egg doesn’t join with a sperm cell in the oviduct, the lining of the uterus begins to break down again and the cycle repeats.
What hormones are found to help the menstrual cycle?
Oestrogen Progesterone FSH LH
A surge in blood concentration of which hormone triggers the release of an egg from an ovary?
LH
Which hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of an egg follicle?
FSH
What is clomifene therapy?
A drug that helps to increase the concentration of FSH and LH in the blood which helps a women release an egg during their menstrual cycle.
What is IVF?
In Virto fertilisation is when mature egg cells are collected from the female and sperm cells from the male and are combined to allow fertilisation in a glass dish. The embryo created is then placed in the uterus.
What does ART stand for?
Assisted reproductive technology.
How does the combined contraceptive pill or implants help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?
Hormones that prevent ovulation are released and reduces chance of sperm reaching egg.
How does the use of a condom help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?
Prevents sperm entering the vagina.
How does the use of a diaphragm or cap help to reduce the risk of pregnancy?
Prevents sperm in the vagina entering the uterus.
How does glucagon keep blood glucose levels right?
In the liver the glucose is absorbed and converted to glycogen, if the concentration of glucose is too low then glucagon hormone is released that makes the liver cells turn glycogen to glucose which is then released into the blood.
What does insulin do?
Causes cells in the liver and other organs to take in glucose, causing a lower blood glucose concentration.
What affect does eating food have on blood glucose concentration?
Increases
What affect does exercising have on blood glucose concentration?
Decreases
Which hormone controls blood glucose concentration?
Insulin and glucagon
What causes type 1 diabetes?
No insulin produced.
What treatment must someone with type 1 diabetes have for the rest of their lives?
Injection of insulin
What’s homeostasis?
Maintaining constant conditions within the body.
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Not enough insulin produced or insulin target cells don’t respond properly
What are the target cells for insulin?
Liver and muscle cells
How is body mass correlated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Positive correlation/risk increase as mass increases.
What is the BMI equation?
BMI = mass (kg) / height (m) ^2 Underweight is below 18.5 Normal is 18.5-24.9 Overweight is 25.0-29.9 Obese equal to or greater than 30.0
What is the other method used to check for obesity?
Hip:waist ratio More people fat developed in waist than hip to check if they’re obese.
How does the body respond to being cold?
Shivering Reduction of blood flow near the skin Goosebumps
What does the body respond to being too hot?
Sweating Increased blood flow near the skin
What is thermoregulation?
The control of body temperature to keep it at a constant.
Which part of the body monitors and controls body temperature?
Hypothalamus
What is the dermis?
The layer of skin where the sweat glands are. Sends messages to the hypothalamus, they are the temperature receptors in the skin
How does sweat on the skin help to cool down?
It evaporates heat from the body to the surroundings
What causes goosebumps and how does it protect against the cold?
Contraction of hair erector muscles Acts as a barrier for the skin to the cold
Which term means the narrowing and widening of blood vessels?
Vasoconstriction (when it’s cold) Vasodilation (when it’s hot)
Name 2 organs of the urinary system.
Any from Kidneys Uterus Bladder Urethra
What is osmoregulation?
The control of the balance of water and mineral salts in the body
How does osmoregulation protect animal cells?
Prevents too much gain/loss of water which could damage their membranes or stop processes in the cytoplasm from working
In which organ is urine made?
Kidneys
In which organ is urea made?
Liver
What does urea come from?
Breakdown of excess amino acids
What is dialysis?
The treatment for kidney failure exchanges substances between the blood and a fluid to restore normal blood concentrations.
Other than dialysis what is a kidney failure treatment?
Kidney transplant
Which two processes produce urine inside the kidney?
Filtration and reabsorption
ADH is the hormone that controls the amount of water that leaves the body in urine. Where is ADH produced?
The pituitary gland. ADH changes the permeability of the collecting duct in nephrons and increases the concentration of the urine.
What is the problem with an organ donation, like a kidney to a patient?
Kidney cells have antigens and the cells in the person’s immune system attack them causing rejection of the kidney.
What is the function of the urinary system?
To remove excess amounts of some substances from the blood including water and mineral salts. Also waste products such as urea.
Here is the structure of the nephron learn it.
.
What do nephrons do and where are they found?
Each kidney contains thousand of tiny microscopic tubes called nephrons. Urine is made in the nephron in a series of stages.
How is the nephron adapted for reabsorption of substances?
Large surface area between the nephron and capillaries The cell membrane has microvilli which increase the surface area : volume ratio of the cells Cells that have protein pumps in their cell membranes contain many mitochondria
ADH increases permeability of which structure?
Collecting duct
ADH is released from the pituitary in response to?
Decreased water content of blood
Which drugs are used to prevent rejection of a kidney transplant?
Immunosuppressants
What are the 2 ways to treat kidney failure?
Dialysis or a kidney transplant
What are the advantages of dialysis?
Available to all kidney patients (no shortage) No need for immune-suppressant drugs
What are the disadvantages of dialysis?
Patient must limit their salt and protein intake between dialysis sessions Expensive for the NHS Regular dialysis sessions
What are the advantages of having a kidney transplant?
Patients can lead a more normal life without having to watch what they eat and drink Cheaper for the NHS overall.
What are the disadvantages of having a kidney transplant?
Must take immune-suppressant drugs which increase the risk of infection Shortage of organ donors Kidney only lasts 8-9 years on average Any operation carries risks
Describe the role of the sweat gland in thermoregulation?
The sweat gland releases water onto the surface of the skin, the water then evaporates and removes heat from the body to the surroundings from the surface of the skin. Cooling down the body.
Explain how to lower blood glucose concentrations if it becomes too high?
Insulin is released from the pancreas into the bloodstream, causing glucose to be converted to glycogen. Which is stored in the liver/muscle tissue and the blood glucose concentrations are lowered.
Explain how to raise blood glucose concentrations if it becomes too low?
Glucagon is released from the pancreas and into the bloodstream. This causes glycogen to be converted to glucose and released into the bloodstream, which raises the blood glucose concentrations.
Which substance is at the same concentration in dialysis fuild as in blood?
Glucose
What are the 4 ways that you loses water uncontrollably?
Sweating
Too much salt
Illness
Exhalation.
What do the kidneys control in the blood?
Ion levels to control osmosis and diffusion between cells in the body.
Water content in the blood is monitored by the hypothamulus in the brain.
What are the 3 osmotic balances?
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
What does it mean when a cell is hypertonic?
A hypertonic solution has a lower water concentration and a higher ion concentration than cells.
If the blood becomes hypertonic, cells lose water by osmosis and shrink.
What does it mean when a cell is Hypotonic?
A hypotonic solution has a higher water concentration and a lower ion concentration than cells.
If the blood becomes hypotonic, cells gain water by osmosis and burst.
What does it mean when a cell is isotonic?
An isotonic solution has the same water and ion concentration as cells.
Homeostasis works to regulate the blood’s water and ion concentrations so that it remains isotonic.
