Topic 8: Animal Organization And Physology Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of structure of organisms
2
Q
Physiology
A
Study of function of organisms
3
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintenance of internal environment in a stable state
4
Q
Homeostatic Mechanisisms
A
Processes and activities responsible for homeostasis
5
Q
Order of Animals Organization
A
Organism -> Organ System -> Organ -> Tissue -> Cell
6
Q
Cells
A
Specialized and organized into tissues
7
Q
Tissues
A
Group of cells with same structure and function, working as a unit
8
Q
Organ
A
Assembly of tissues integrated into a structure the carries out a function
9
Q
Organ system
A
Group of organs that carry out related steps in a major physiological process
10
Q
Types of Animal Tissue
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- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
11
Q
Extracellular Matrix
A
Non living material secreted by cells consisting of a variety of glycoproteins
12
Q
Extracellular Matrix Function
A
Support and shape for tissues and organs, holds cells together in tissues
13
Q
Cell Junctions
A
Link cells in a tissue
14
Q
Types of Cell Junctions
A
- Anchoring junctions
- Tight junctions
- Gap junctions
15
Q
Anchoring junctions
A
‘Weld’ cells together, keeps cells in place
16
Q
Tight junctions
A
Seal cells into a leak proof layer
17
Q
Gap junctions
A
Form direct ace use of communication between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells in the same tissue
18
Q
Epithelial Cell Structure
A
- sheet like layer of cells
- covers and protects of body and organs
- lines cavities and ducts within the body
19
Q
Apical Surface
A
- epithelial exposed to air, water, and fluid with in the body
- in internal cavities and ducts, cilia is present
20
Q
Inner Basal Surface
A
- adheres to a layer of ECM secreted by the epithelial cells secreted by the epithelial cells
- secreted by the epithelial cells called the basal lamina
21
Q
Gland formed by the Epithelial
A
Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
22
Q
Exocrine Glands
A
- remain connected to the epithelium duct
- empties secretion at the epithalial surface
23
Q
Endocrine Glands
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- other gland not necessarily composed of epithelial cells
- no ducts
- secretion directly into interstitial fluids
24
Q
A
- other gland not necessarily composed of epithelial cells
- no ducts
- secretion directly into interstitial fluids
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5 Types of Epithelial Tissues
1. Simple Squamous
2. Stratified Squamous
3. Cuboidal
4. Columnar
5. Simple Pseudostratifed Columnar
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
- one layer of flattened cells
- found in blood vessel walls, air sacs of lungs (avioli)
- used for diffusion
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- several layers of flattened cells
- found in mouth, esophagus, and vagina
- protection against abrasion, not involved in section or absorption
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Cubiodal Epithelium
- layer of cube like cells, may have microvilli
- found in glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys
- secretion and absorption
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Columnar Epithelium
- layer of tall slender cells, may have microvilli
- found in lining of gut and respiratory tract
- secretion and absorption
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Simple Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- single layer of columnar cells of differing heights, may be cilliated
- found in nasal cavities, trachea, upper digestion tract, some parts of male reproductive system
- protection, secretes mucus and moves in a rose surface
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Connective Tissue
Consists of cell network or layers and extra cellular matrix
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6 Types of Connective Tissues
1. Loose Connective Tissues
2. Fibrous connective Tissue
3. Cartilage
4. Bone
5. Adipose Tissue
6. Blood
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Glycoproteins
Protect that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side chains
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Collagen
Type of carbon hydrate enriched fibrous glycoprotein and in a network of proteoglyans
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Fibroblast
Type of cells that secretes most of the collagen and other proteins in the loose connective tissue
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Loose Connective Tissue
- fibroblasts and other cells surrounded by collagen and elastin fibres forming a glycoprotein matrix
- found under the skin and most epithelia
- support, elasticity, diffusion
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Fibrous Connective Tissue
- long rows of fibrous surrounded by collagen and elastin fibres in parallel bundles with dense extra cellular matrix
- found in tendons and ligaments
- strength elasticity
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Cartilage
- chondrocytes embedded in a pliable, solid matrix or collagen and chondroitin sulphate
- found on ends of long bones, ears, nose, part of airways, skeleton of vertebrate embryos
- support, flexibility, low-friction surface for movement
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Bone
- osteocytes in a matrix of collagen and glycoproteins hardened with hydroxyapatile
- found in bones of vertebrate skeleton
- movement, support, protection
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Adipose Tissue
- large tightly packed adipocytes with little extra cellular matrix
- found under skins, around heart, kidneys
- energy reserves, insulation, padding
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Blood
- leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets suspended in a plasma matrix
- found in circulatory system
- transport and substances
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Connective Tissues Differ In….
- cell types
- associates molecules
- pattern of association
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Muscle Tissue (vertebrates)
Tissues that can contract
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What does muscle tissue depend on?
Actin and myosin interaction
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3 Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle
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Skeletal Muscle
- connect to bones of skeleton by tendons
- controlled by nervous system
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Muscle Fibres
Long, cylindrical cells in muscle tissue
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Myofibrils
Contractile elements of muscle fibres
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Sarcomeres
Contractile units with two types of filaments arranged in an overlapping pattern in muscle tissue
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Cardiac Muscle
- interlinked network of short and branched cylindrical, striated cells stabilized by anchoring junctions and gap junctions
- found in wall of heart
- pump blood through circulatory system
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Smooth Muscle
- loose network of contractile cells with tapered ends
- found in internal wall of organs
- movement of internal organs
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Types of Muscle Tissue (invertebrate)
1. Striated Muscles
2. Smooth Muscle
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Striated Muscles
- most common muscle tissue in invertebrates
- found in heart, intestines, and reproduction
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Smooth Muscle (invertebrates)
Very rare in invertebrates
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Nervous Tissue
- coordinating and controlling many body activities
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Neurons
Communicate info between body parts (electrical and chemical signals)
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Glial Cells
- support and provide nutrients to neurons
- provide electrical insulation between them
- scavenge cellular debris and foreign matter
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Organ Systems Function Together to Enable Survival….
- acquiring nutrients and other substances
- synthesis of molecules
- environment sensing and response
- protection against injury and disease
- reproduction
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11 Major Organ Systems
1. Nervous
2. Endocrine
3. Muscular
4. Skeletal
5. Circulatory
6. Integumentary
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Excretory
11. Reproductive
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Sensor
Detects a change in an external or internal condition
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Integrator
Compared the detected change with a set point
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Effector
Returns the condition to the set point if it has strayed away
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Homeostasis
Steady internal environment maintained by responses compensate for external changes
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Dynamic Process
Internal adjustments are made continuously to compensate for environmental changes
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Homeostasis is only achieve in through ________________ control system
Negative feedback
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Negative Feedback
A system where outputs are fed back into the system to reduce or dampen the initial input, promoting stability and equilibrium
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Positive Feedback
Amplifies a physiological response, driving a process to completion
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Thermoregulation
Process by which an organism maintains a stable internal body temperature, despite fluctuations in the external environment
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Ecotherm
Must gain heat from environment to raise temperature
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Endotherm
Generates sufficient heat by metabolism to raise temperature
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Poikilothermy
Temperature varies significantly
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Homeothermy
Maintains constant temperature
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Extra cellular Fluid
Exposes to the external envirment to meet their needs
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Plasma
Fluid portion of blood
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Interstitial Fluid
Surrounds the cells
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Negative Feedback Steps
1. Stimulate
2. Sensor
3. Integrator
4. Effector
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Open Circulatory System
where the blood, known as hemolymph, is not confined to blood vessels, but instead flows freely into a body cavity
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Closed Circulatory System
where blood is contained within a network of vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, and is separate from the interstitial fluid of the body
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist stably
80
Why would you expect to see a high species richness in the tropics?
- prolonged evolutionary time
- high energy availability
- stable environmental conditions that favor speciation and reduce extinction rates
