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BIO 133 > Topic 2: Fungi > Flashcards

Topic 2: Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What ecological roles do fungi play?

A
  • decomposition
  • mutualistic relationships with plant roots and in the form of lichen
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2
Q

What are fungi?

A

Heterotrophic eukaryotes that are classified in the kingdom of fungi

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3
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that can not synthesize their own food and rely on obtaining carbon by breaking down organic molecules

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

One of the 3 large groups that living things fall under (organisms with plasma membranes and internal structures)

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5
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria

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6
Q

What are the 2 major groups of fungi?
What are they based off of?

A
  1. Saprotroph
  2. Symbiont

How carbon is obtained

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7
Q

Saprotroph

A

Fungi that feed on dead or decaying organisms

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8
Q

Symbiont

A

Fungi that live with symbiosis with another unrelated organism

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9
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms in the relationship benefit

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10
Q

Parasitism

A

Only one organism in the relationship benefits that other is caused harm

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11
Q

Ecological importance of fungi?

A

Earth’s decomposes and recyclers

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12
Q

Evolutionary importance of fungi?

A

Symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi may have helped plants move to land

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13
Q

Human health importance of fungi?

A

Fungal skin and nail infections

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14
Q

Economical importance of fungi?
(positive and negative)

A

Positive: cheese, beer, wine
Negative: crop diseases, food spoilage

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15
Q

How do fungi feed?

A

Absorptive Nutrition

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16
Q

Absorptive Nutrition

A

Fungi are able to secrete enzymes that break down large molecules to absorb

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17
Q

Are all fungi multicelluar?

A

No, they can be unicellular (yeasts)

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18
Q

Are most fungi multicellular?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Hyphae

A

Fine filament web that make up fungi

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20
Q

Mycelium

A

Filamentous network where hyphae branch

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21
Q

Chitin

A

Rigid cell wall made of polysaccharide

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22
Q

Septa

A
  • cross-walls that some hyphae
  • partition a hypha into cell-like compartments
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23
Q

Apical Growth

A

Hyphae growing from the tip

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24
Q

What kind of growth do hyphae do?

A

Apical Growth

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25
What is the importance of apical growth?
- push through the substrates - release species (dependant digestive enzymes) - absorb nutrients
26
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Allows nutrients to flow throughout hyphae
27
Fungi reproduce through microscopic ________
spores
28
3 Stages of fungal sexual reproduction
1. Plasmogamy 2. Karyogamy 3. Meisos
29
Plasmogamy
Fusion of 2 haploid cells (cytoplasmic fusion) n —> n+n
30
Karyogamy
Nuclear fusion n+n —> 2n
31
Meiosis
2n —> n
32
Fungi are closer to animals, not plants
True
33
5 Fungi Phyla
1. Chytridiomycota 2. Zygomycota 3. Glomeromycota 4. Ascomycota 5. Basidomycota
34
Chytridiomycota
- most ancient group - mainly aquatic - spores have flagella - movement in reposes to chemical gradients (chemotaxis) - most are unicellular - asexual formation of sporangium - few do sexual reproduction
35
Most ancient phylum of fungi
Chytridiomycota
36
Mycorrhiza
Mutualistic relationship between plants roots and fungi
37
Zygomycota
- no cross walls (septa) - sexual reproduction between mycelia - have sex organs (gametangia)
38
Isogamous organisms
Produce gametes with similar shape, size, and morphology, BUT differing allele expression mating-type regions
39
Glomeromycota
- asexual reproduction - commonly form mycorrhizae with plant roots
40
Arbuscule
- branching of hyphae in plant roots to make “little trees” - nutrient exchange sire between plant and fungus
41
Ascomycota
- have a sac like reproductive structure (ascus) - asci are inclosed in fruiting body - have commercial importance ( yeasts, truffles, rice fermentation) - can be harmful - reproduction sexually and asexually - help form lichens
42
Ascomycota reproduction (sexual and asexual)
Sexual: ascospores (haploid (n) spores) Asexual: conidia (haploid spores produced by modified hyphae)
43
Ascospores
Haploid (n) sexual spores of Ascomycota Phylum
44
Conidia
Haploid asexual spores produced by modified hyphae of Ascomycota Phylum
45
Basidomycota
- club shaped cells - fruiting bodies - important decomposers (wood) - sexual reproduction (basidiospores) - help form lichen
46
What fungi phylums are able to reproduce sexually?
1. Chytridiomycota (very few) 2. Zygomycota 3. Ascomycota 4. Basidiomycota
47
Basidia
Club shaped cells
48
Basidiocarps
Fruiting body of the basidiomycete
49
What is the commercial importance of ascomycetes?
Yeasts, truffles/morels, rice fermentation
50
Dikaryotic Stage (n+n)
Cells in which two nuclei, one from each parent cell, share a single cytoplasm for a period of time WITHOUT undergoing nuclear fusion.
51
Basidiomycetes have a LONG ________ stage And why?
Dikaryotic Allows more opportunities to produce sexual spores
52
Deuteromycota
- not a true phylum, artificial group - no sexual phase
53
Lichens
Compound organism formed between fungus (ascomycete or basidiomycete) and green algae / cyanobacterium
54
Thallus
Spongy body of a lichen
55
Mycobiont
Fungus part of the lichen that makes up the body (thallus)
56
Photobiont
Algae part of the lichen that is the thin layer inside the thallus
57
Lichens reproduce ________
Asexually
58
Soredia
Specialized asexual fragments (photobiont cells wrapped in fungal hyphae)
59
Lichen is an example of a ___________ relationship
Mutualistic
60
In a lichen photobionts supply ______ to mycobionts, and mycobionts provide _________ for photobionts
carbohydrates, shelter
61
2 Types of Mycorrhizae
1. Arbuscular Mycorrhizas 2. Ectomycorrhizas
62
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas
Fungal hyphae penetrate cells of root forming arbuscules
63
Ectomycorrhizas
Hyphae form sheath or mantle around root
64
Endophytes
- fungi live in the above ground parts of plants - benefit plant by producing toxins to deter herbivores
65
What is the disease that chytridiomycta cause?
An infectious disease in amphibians

BIO 133 (9 decks)

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