Topic 4: Animals Over View

Question 1

Examples of Animals of Burgess Shale

Answer 1

Opadinia and Hallucinogenia

Question 2

Opadinia

Answer 2

• no defendants left
• have 5 eyes and a grasping organ on head

Question 3

Hallucigenia

Answer 3

• no defendants left
• 7 pairs of spines and soft protuberances

Question 4

What is an Animal?

Answer 4

• multicellular eukaryotes
• lack cell walls
• heterotrophs
• motile at some point in their life
• reproduce sexually or asexually
• cell membranes that are in direct contact with one another
• have excitable tissues such as muscle and nerves
• perception and response to environment

Question 5

Animal Origins

Answer 5

Colonial, flagella protist may be the ancestor of all animals, developed in Precambrian ear

Question 6

What are the Key Innovations in Animal Evolution?

Answer 6

1. Symmetry
2. Body Plan
3. Tissues

Question 7

Symmetry Types

Answer 7

1. None
2. Radial
3. Bilateral

Question 8

Types of Body Plans

Answer 8

1. Acoelomate
2. Pseudocoelomate
3. Coelomate

Question 9

Acoelomate Body Plan + Example

Answer 9

• no body cavity
• gut and body wall are NOT separated
  eg. flatworms

Question 10

Pseudocoelomate Body Plan + Example

Answer 10

• fluid-filled space between endoderm and mesoderm
  eg. roundworms

Question 11

Coelomate Body Plan + Example

Answer 11

• true coelom has body cavity entirely lined by peritoneum derived from mesoderm
  eg. earthworms

Question 12

Mesenteries

Answer 12

Folds of membrane tissues

Question 13

Coelomate Functions

Answer 13

• transport of nutrients and products of metabolism
• hydrostatic skeleton
• space for internal organs

Question 14

Tissues

Answer 14

Groups of similar differentiated cells specialized for particular function

Question 15

Metazoans

Answer 15

Multicellular animals

Question 16

Primary Germ Layers in Embryos

Answer 16

1. Endoderm
2. Ectoderm
3. Mesoderm

Question 17

Endoderm

Answer 17

• innermost layer
• forms lining of gut

Question 18

Ectoderm

Answer 18

• outermost layer
• form external covering and nervous system

Question 19

Mesoderm

Answer 19

• between the layers
• forms muscles of body wall and most other structures between gut and external covering

Question 20

Bastula

Answer 20

Stage created by multiple rounds of cell division and the embryo becomes a hollow sphere

Question 21

Gastrula

Answer 21

Stage of extensive cell movements, which create the 3 germ layers

Question 22

Protostomal and Deuterostomal Differences

Answer 22

1. Cleavage patterns
2. The origin of mesoderm and the coelom
3. The polarity of the digestive system

Question 23

What are the 2 Lineages of Bilaterally Symmetric Animals?

Answer 23

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

Question 24

Type of Cleavage in Protostomes

Answer 24

Spiral Cleavage

Question 25

Type of Cleavage in Deuterostomes

Answer 25

Radial Cleavage

Question 26

Origin of Mesoderm in Protostomes

Answer 26

Derived from specific cells

Question 27

Origin of Mesoderm in Deuterostomes

Answer 27

Derived from outpocketings of archenteron

Question 28

Type of Coelom Formed in Protostomes

Answer 28

Schinzocoelom

Question 29

Type of Coelom Formed in Deuterostomes

Answer 29

Enterocoelom

Question 30

Origin of Mouth and Anus for Protostomes

Answer 30

Blastopore develops into mouth; anus develops later

Question 31

Origin of Mouth and Anus for Deutrostomes

Answer 31

Blastopore develops into anus; mouth develops later

Question 32

Segmentation

Answer 32

Production of body parts and some organ systems in repeating units

Question 33

Each segment may include…

Answer 33

Complete set of important organs and muscles

Question 35

What does segmentation help with?

Answer 35

- help to survive damage - improves control of locomotion

Question 36

What shapes our knowledge of animal phylogeny?

Answer 36

Molecular Sequences

Question 37

Parazoa vs. Eumetazoa

Answer 37

Parazoa includes only sponges (no nerves), while eumetazoa is all other lineages (nerves)

Question 38

What are the 2 groups Eumetazoa are split into?

Answer 38

1. Radiata 2. Bilateria

Question 39

Radiata

Answer 39

- 2 tissue layers (diploblastic) - radial symmetry

Question 40

Bilateria

Answer 40

- 3 tissue layers (triploblastic) - bilateral symmetry

Question 42

Basal Phyla: 5 Phyla

Answer 42

1. Porifera 2. Cnidaria 3. Placozoa 4. Ctenophora 5. Acoela

Question 43

What are the Bilateria subdivisions?

Answer 43

1. Protostomia 2. Deuterostomia

Question 44

What are the subdivisions of Protostomes?

Answer 44

1. Lophtrochozoa 2. Ecdysozoa

Question 45

Lophophore subdivison

Answer 45

Belonging to the Protostomes; Lophotrochozoa Feeding structure in 3 phyla

Question 46

Trochophore subdivison

Answer 46

Belonging to the Protostomes; Lophotrochozoa Type of larva in annelids and molluscs

Question 47

Ecdysozoa

Answer 47

Subdivison of Protostomes Have cuticle or external skeleton secreted and periodically molted (ecdysis)

Question 48

Lophotrochozoa

Answer 48

1. Lophophore 2. Trochophore

Question 49

Hermaphroditic

Answer 49

Animal posses both male and female parts on body

Question 50

Blastopore becomes what in Protostomes?

Answer 50

The mouth

Question 51

Blastopore becomes what in Deutorstomes?

Answer 51

The anus

Question 52

What Phyla have Trochophore larvae?

Answer 52

Mollusca and Annelida

Question 53

What are the most basic Protostomes?

Answer 53

Lophophores

Question 54

The Taxon LoPhotrochozoa includes which 8 Phyla?

Answer 54

1. Ectoprocta 2. Brachiopoda 3. Phoronida 4. Platyhelminthes / Acoeloa 5. Rotifera 6. Nemertea 7. Mollusca 8. Annelida