Topic 7: Animals Deuterstomes Flashcards
1
Q
Phylum Echinodermata
A
- Deutrostomes
- spiny skin, bottom - dwelling
- sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
- bilateral symmetry as larvae
2
Q
Secondary Radial Symmetry
A
- radial symmetry only in adult hood
- 5 ray or arm body plan
- mouth facing substrate
- water vascular system used for locomotion and feeding
- separate sexes
3
Q
Class Asteroidea
A
- Phylum Echinodermata
- starfish or sea stars
- live on rocky shoreline to deep ocean
- central disk with 5-20 radiating arms
- eat invertebrate and small fish
4
Q
Phylum Hemichordata
A
- Deutrostomes
- acorn worms
- flexible hollow tube resembling that notochord of chordates
- collect oxygen and food particles from sea water as it exits pharynx through gill slits
5
Q
3 Subphylum in Phylum Chordata
A
- Urochordata
- Cepholochordata
- Vertebrata
6
Q
Subphylum Urochorodata
A
- Phylum Chordata
- sea squirts and tunicate
- adults are sessile by attaching to aquatic substrates
- secrete a gelatinous or leathery “tunic” around their bodies and squirt water through a siphon
7
Q
Subphylum Cepholochordata
A
- Phylum Chordata
- lancelets
- warm shallow marine habitats
- adults have light receptors on the head sensory organs on oral hood tentacles
8
Q
Subphylum Vertebrata
A
- Phylum Chordata
- vertebrates
- have endoskeleton
9
Q
Phylum Chordata
A
- Deutrostomes
- notochord / dorsal nerve cord at some point in life
- brain, gills, pharyngeal slits, perforated pharynx are used for feeding and oxygen exchange
10
Q
Metamorphosis in Subphylum Urochordata
A
Degeneration of notochord, dorsal nerve, and tail
11
Q
Endoskeleton
A
- internal supportive structure composed of mineralized tissues
12
Q
Key Adapations in Vertabrates
A
- Endoskeleton
- Neural Crest Cells
- Brain Reigons
13
Q
Neural Crest Cells
A
- unique to vertabrates
- temperate cells that make up some structures such as cranium, teeth, sensory organs, cranial nerves, and medulla, or adrenal glands
14
Q
3 Brain Regions
A
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
15
Q
How did vertebrates evolve?
A
Maybe arose from cephalochordate - like ancestor through the duplication of genes that regulate development
16
Q
Homeotic Genes
A
- genes that regulate the development of anatomical structures
- show an increase in more complex animals
- facilitate diversity
17
Q
Hox Gene Complex
A
- encode transcription factors
- regulate embryonic body plan
- arranged on chromosome in a particular way
18
Q
First Chordates
A
Haikouichthys, developed over Cambrian period
19
Q
4 Verebrate Infraphylums
A
- Agnatha
- Gnathostomata
- Tetrapods
- Amniota
20
Q
Agnathans
A
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- jawless fish
- well developed notochord
- hagfish / lampreys
21
Q
Gnathostomata
A
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- jawed animals
22
Q
Class Chondrichthyes
A
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum
- sharks and rays
- cartilaginous fishes
- skeleton composed of cartilage
- no swimbladder
23
Q
Chondrichthyes Adaptations
A
- squalene (oil in liver for buoyancy)
- electoreceptors (detect prey’s signal)
- claspers (male reproductive system)
24
Q
Class Acanthodii
A
- extinct
- early Gnathostome
- spiny sharks
25
Class Placodermi
- extinct
- no true teeth
- early Gnathostome
- jaws with sharp cutting edges
26
Class Osteichthyes
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Intraphylum Gnathostomata
- bony fish
- endoskeleton
- have teeth
27
Subclass Actinoptergii
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Intraphylum Gnathostomata
- Class Osteichthyes
- rayed finned fish
- have lung system
- swim badder
- operculum
28
Subclass Sarcopterygii
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Intraphylum Gnathostomata
- Class Osteichthyes
- fleshy - fined fishes supported by bones
- lobed finned fish
- ancestral to lobed finned fish lineage led to tetrapod
29
Swim Bladder
Organ in Osteichthyes (bony fish) that helps maintain buoyancy
30
Operculum
A flap on the body of Osteichthyes (bony fish) to cover a chamber that houses gills
31
Tetrapods
A group of vertebrates that are characterized by having 4 limbs (amphibia, reptillia, aves, and mammalia)
32
Early Tetrapod Adaptaions
- strong vertebral column and girdle
- strong stout fins and crawling
- nostrils and lungs
- modified sensory system
33
Where did Tetrapods may have come from? And why?
Sarcopterygian (lobed finned fish) and drought fuelled transition to land
34
Class Amphibia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Tetrapodad
- do not have amniotic eggs
- frogs, toads, salamanders
- thin, scaleless skin, site of major gas exchange
- need moist
- life cycles of many include larval and adult stage
- metamorphosis
35
Amniote Lineage Adaptations
- tough dry water resistant skin
- excretion of nitrogen waste
- amniotic egg
36
3 Amniotic Lineages
1. Anapsids
2. Diapsids
3. Synapsids
37
Class Reptilla
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Gnathostomata
- Tetrapoda
- reptiles
38
Subclass Testudinata
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Gnathostomata
- Tetrapods
- Amniote
- Class Reptillia
- Anapsids
- turtles and tortoises
- land and marine
39
What animals are Anapsids?
Subclass Testudinata (turtles and tortoises)
40
Amniote Egg
- 4 membrane to protect embryo
- hard shell with pores that serve to exchange water and air
- keratin and lipids are partly responsible for making skin
41
What animals are Diapsids?
- Class Reptilla (except Testudinata)
- Class Aves
42
What animals are Synapsids?
Class Mammalia
43
Infraclass Lepidosaura
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Class Reptilla
- tuatara
- lizards and snakes
44
Order Rhynchoephalia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Class Reptilla
- Infraclass Lepidosaura
- tuatara
- remnants of diverse Mesozoic lineage
45
Order Squamata
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Class Reptilla
- Infraclass Lepidosaura
- lizards and snakes
- snakes evolved from early lizards
46
Infraclass Archosauria
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Class Reptilla
- crodilians and aves
47
Order Crocodilia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertabrata
- Class Reptilla
- Infraclass Archosauria
- alligators and crocodiles
- 4 chamber heart (like birds)
- living remnants of the archosaurs
48
Aves
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Gnathostomata
- Tertapoda
- Amniote
- Infraclass Archosauria
- birds
- very diverse (~ 30 Orders)
49
What lineage do aves belong to?
Archosaur Lineage
50
Key adaptations of birds
- reduced body weight (hollow bones)
- power for flight
- wings and feathers
- feathers ( derived for scales)
51
Key structures in aves
1. Keeled sternum
2. Furculum
3. Uncinate on ribs
52
Keeled Sternum
Anchors flight muscle in aves
53
Furculum (wish bone)
Acts a spring to help with flight in aves
54
Uncinated in ribs
Process to strengthen rib cage and anchor intercostal muscles in aves
55
Class Mamalia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Gnathostomata
- Tetrapoda
- Amniote
- mammals
56
Mammal Adaptations
- furry and diaphragm
- endothermy (warm blooded)
- teeth and jaws
- parental care of offspring
- large and complex brains
57
Monotremes
Mammals that reproduce through laying leathery eggs
eg. Duck billed platypus and spiny anteaters
58
Infraclass Prototheria
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Gnathostomata
- Tetrapoda
- Amniote
- Class Mammalia
- Monotremes
59
3 Types of Mammals
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Eutherians
60
Infraclass Metatheria
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Gnathostomata
- Tetrapoda
- Amniote
- Class Mammila
- Marsupials
61
Marsupials
Mammals that raise their young briefly through placenta then enter in abdominal pouch
eg. Kangaroos and opossums
62
Eutherians
Mammals that have their embryos develop in uterus, and nourished by placenta
63
Infraclass Placentalia
- Phylum Chordata
- Subphylum Vertebrata
- Gnathostomata
- Tetrapoda
- Amniote
- Class Mammila
- Eutherians
64
What are the key adaptions for Chordates (in order and in first appeared)
1. Brain (tunicates / urochordata)
2. Head (hagfishes / agnathans)
3. Vertebral Column (lambryes / agnathans)
4. Jaws (sharks / gnathostomata)
5. Lungs or Lung Derivatives (ray-finned fish / ostirchthyes)
6. Lobed Fins (lobed-finned fish / sarcopterygii)
7. Legs (amphibians / amphibia)
8. Amniotic Eggs (reptiles / reptilia)
9. Milk (mammals / mammalia)
65
What are the key anatomical structures of a sea star?
a central disk with radiating arms, a spiny outer covering, tube feet for locomotion, and a water vascular system
66
What are the key characteristics of Echinodermata’s?
a water vascular system and five-sided radial symmetry
67
What animal are in the phylum Hemichordata?
Acorn worms
68
What is a notochord?
an embryonic midline structure common to all members of the phylum Chordata, providing both mechanical and signaling cues to the developing embryo
69
What are Hox genes, and which lineage has the highest number?
Vertebrata
70
In the phyla Gnasthosomes, class Chondrichthyes, which living organisms are included.
Sharks and Rays
71
What are the key characteristics of Actinopterygii?
Rayed fins, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve chord, a pituitary gland, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post-anal tail
72
What is the characteristics of the subclass Sarcopterygii?
Leshy, lobed paired fins, articulated via a single bone
73
What animal species are living representatives of archosaurs?
Aves and crocodilians
