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BIO152 > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

Specialised cells

1
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport
    - gases O2, CO2
    - nutrients + waste
  2. Regulation
    - temp
    - pH
    - electrolytes
  3. Protection
    - wounds
    - infections
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2
Q

What are the major cell types of blood?

A
  • erythrocytes (rbc)
  • wbc
  • thrombocytes (platelets)
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3
Q

What is the process of differentiation of blood cells from stem cells?

A
  1. totipotent cells
  2. pluripotent cells
  3. multipotent cells
  4. unipotent cells
  5. progenitor cells
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4
Q

Define excitable cell.

A

Cells that respond to external stimuli through a rapid + reversible alteration to electrical potential of their cell membrane

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5
Q

What is the way that neurotransmitters facilitate transmission of an impulse across a synapse?

A

s

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6
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

Muscle contraction

  1. ATP binds to myosin head, that is released from actin filament
  2. Hydrolysis of ATP cocks myosin head
  3. Myosin head attaches to an actin binding site
  4. Power stroke slides actin (thin filament) towards sacromere
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7
Q

How does the sliding filament theory account for muscle cell shortening by up to a 1/3 of its length when in a contracted state?

A

both thick + thin filament slide past each other

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8
Q

How is the arrival of a nerve impulse at a neuralmuscular junction leads to the muscle undergoing contraction?

A

neurotransmitter cause muscle contraction

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9
Q

Various means of generating ATP in contracting muscle cells?

A

s

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10
Q

What is the metabolic diversity of life and adaptations to extreme environments?

A

s

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11
Q

Identify 4 of rapid immune response of innate cells.

A
  1. Anatomical defences
  2. Physiological defences
  3. Phagocytic defence
  4. Inflammatory defence
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12
Q

What is the diversity of interferon pathways used for cell signalling?

A

s

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13
Q

Describe motor proteins in intracellular movement.

A

Kines

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14
Q

Describe whole cell movement in biology.

A

s

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15
Q

What is the role of flagella in cell movement for prokaryotes?

A
  • allow for whole cell movement in prokaryotes
  • whip structure
  • rotating engine up to 1000rpm at anchoring point in inner cell membrane
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16
Q

What is the role of chemotaxis in immune cells for eukaryotes?

A
  • site of injury => to repair tissue damage
  • site of infection => to clear pathogen
  • drain lymph nodes => interact with other cells to present antigen to T + B cells
17
Q

What is the transport functions of the blood?

A
  • primary transport method moving substances around body
  • O2 + nutrients to tissues
  • CO2 + waste from tissues
  • hormones from endocrine glands => target tissues
18
Q

What are the regulation functions of the blood?

A 
Temp:
- maintain body temp.
- remove heat from active tissues and transport => skin for dissipation
- vasodilation/constriction allows for heat dissipation
pH:
- maintained 7.35-7.45
- controlled by bicarb. buffer system
- carbonic anhydrase
Electrolytes:
- kidneys filter blood
- entire V - 20-25x per day
- remove excess waste products + excess fluids
19
Q

What are the protection functions of the blood?

A

WOUND HEALING:

  • platelets + clotting factors
  • prevent blood loss after injury
  • deficient in hemophilia
20
Q

What is totipotent cells in the process of differentiation of blood cells from stem cells?

A
  • fertilised egg + first few divisions
  • ability of single isolated cell to produce individual
  • begin to differentiate after 5-6 days
  • inner cell
    eg blastula + blastocytes => pluripotent
21
Q

What is pluripotent cells in the process of differentiation of blood cells from stem cells?

A
  • embryotic cells
  • totipotent => multipotent
  • 3 germ layers:
    1. endoderm - internal layer eg lung + thyroid cells
    2. mesoderm - middle layer eg cardiac muscle cells + red blood cells
    3. ectoderm - external layer eg skin cells of epidermis, neurons of brain
22
Q

What is multipotent cells in the process of differentiation of blood cells from stem cells?

A
  • most adult stem cells
  • differentiate into multiple, limited cell types (multi-lineage differentiation)
    eg/ tissue stem cells & cord blood stem cells
23
Q

What is unipotent cells in the process of differentiation of blood cells from stem cells?

A
  • multipotent => unipotent
  • 1 cell type
  • self-renew + give rise to 1 cell type
    eg/ muscle stem cells + epithelial cells
24
Q

What is progenitor cells in the process of differentiation of blood cells from stem cells?

A
  • arise from different stem cells
  • no renewal
  • rise to multiple cells
    final cell types:
  • terminally differentiated
  • do not divide
    eg/ hematopoietic cells
25
Q

What are the 2 unique characteristics of differentiation?

A
  1. UNSPECIALISED + SELF RENEWAL PROPERTIES

2. DIFFERENTIATE INTO SPECIALISED CELLS UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS

26
Q

What are the unique characteristics of differentiation?

A
  1. UNSPECIALISED + SELF RENEWAL PROPERTIES
    - self renewal make more stem cells
    - mitotic division => daughter cells unspecialised
    - present throughout life
    - potential to renew all throughout life
    - resident stem cells maintains tissue to respond to perpetrators
  2. DIFFERENTIATE INTO SPECIALISED CELLS UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS
    - all cells contain some DNA
    - cells differentiate due to certain physiological and/or experiment condition (specialise)
27
Q

What is membrane resting potential, in terms of neurons?

A
  • about -70 mV (mV=millivolt)
  • inside of neuron is 70 mV less than outside
  • at rest, there are relatively more sodium ions outside neuron + more potassium ions inside that neuron
28
Q

What are T cells?

A
  • WBC important to immune system + at core of adaptive immunity
  • system that tailors body’s immune response to specific pathogens
  • cells are like soldiers who search out + destroy the targeted invaders
29
Q

What are B cells?

A
  • make antibodies

- molecules trap specific invading viruses + bacteria

30
Q

Identify the rapid immune response of innate cells.

A
  1. Anatomical defences
    - prevent entry of pathogen
  2. Physiological defences
    - low stomach pH: prevent many pathogens from growing
    - lysosome: cleave peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall
    - Interferon: induces an anti-viral state in infected cells
    - complement system: lyses microorganisms or facilitates phagocytosis
  3. Phagocytic defence
    - phagocytic cells actively ingest + destroy microbes
    - WBCs
    - ‘cell eaters’
  4. Inflammatory defence
    - redness, swelling, heat, pain
    - tissue damage caused by injury or invading pathogen
    - inflammation:
    > kills invading microbes
    > clears away tissue debris
    > repairs injured tissues

BIO152 (8 decks)

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