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BIO152 > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

Eukaryotic cellular growth, genetic diversity & inheritance

1
Q

What is the concept of cell lifespan for stem cells, neurons, memory T cells, oocytes, red blood cells, gastric epithelial & skin cells, neutrophils

A

Stem cells: lifetime
Neurons: decades
Memory T-cells: years - decades
Oocytes: decades
Red blood cells: 4 months
Gastric epithelial & skin cells: few datys
Neutrophils: few days (<8 in circulation)

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2
Q

How do cells divide?

A

Divide by the process of mitosis

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3
Q

Overview of cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase - G1 (Gap 1): synthesis of proteins and organelles, 8-10 hrs
  2. Interphase - S phase (synthesis): DNA replication, 2nd set of DNA made to prepare for cell division, short phase 5 hrs
  3. Interphase - G2: DNA repair (check for errors), prepare for mitosis (cell growth & protein syn.), 4-6 hrs
  4. Mitosis & cytokinesis: nuclear division => 5 stages, last phase overlaps w/cytoplasm division (cytokin), production of 2 genetically identical daughter cells, 30-45 mins
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4
Q

What are the factors that limit eukaryotic cell growth?

A

SA:V ratio - ability to exchange w/ environment

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5
Q

What are the major steps in mitosis?

A 
Interphase (G1, S phase, G2)
2. Prophase 
 from each other
3. Prometaphase 
4. Metaphase
- align of condensed chrom. along metaphase plate
- equal distance between 2 poles
5. Anaphase
- Ana. A
- Ana. B
6. Telophase &amp; cytokinesis
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6
Q

What occur in prophase in mitosis?

A
  • spindle fibres move & microtubules between
  • condensed chrome.
  • 👭 chromatids attach to each other
  • centrosomes migrate away from each other
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7
Q

What occur in pro-metaphase in mitosis?

A
  • fragmentation of nuclear membrane

- spindle microtubules attach to chromatids @ centromere

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8
Q

What occur in metaphase in mitosis?

A
  • align of condensed chrom. along metaphase plate

- equal distance between 2 poles

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9
Q

What occur in anaphase in mitosis?

A

Ana. A:

  • Chrom. pulled towards poles via centromere Ana. B:
  • spindle fibres move away from away from each other
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10
Q

What occur in telophase and cytokinesis in mitosis?

A

TELOPHASE:
- daughter chrom. reach spindle poles
- nuclear envelope form around daughter cells
- interphase chromatin structure resumes
- spindle disassembles
- simultaneously w/cytokinesis
CYTOKINESIS:
- 2nd process in mitotic cell division
- separates cytoplasm
- cleavage furrow forms by actin along spindle equator

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11
Q

What are the features of cells produced by mitotic division?

A

1 parent cell produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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12
Q

What are the consequences if errors in mitosis?

A
  • mutation carried by subsequent generations => cancer

- no genetic diversity

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13
Q

What is the process of meiosis?

A 
Meiosis I:
1. Prophase I
2. Metaphase I
3. Anaphase I
4. Telophase I &amp; cytokinesis
Meiosis II: no DNA rep. - 1/2 # chrom. present
5. Prophase II
6. Metaphase II
7. Anaphase II
8. Telophase II
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14
Q

What occurs in prophase I of meiosis I?

A
  • homologous chrom. pair - process of synapsis forms bivalent
  • CROSSING OVER OCCURS
  • synaptonemal complex appears @ beginning & disappears after crossing over
  • nuclear envelope fragments
  • synpatonemal complex
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15
Q

What occurs in metaphase I of meiosis I?

A

paired homologous chrom. align @ equator

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16
Q

What occurs in anaphase I of meiosis I?

A

👭 chromatids chrom. move together to spindle poles

17
Q

What occurs in telophase I and cytokinesis of meiosis I?

A

2 daughter cells produced
Telophase:
- daughter chrom. reach spindle poles
- nuclear envelope form around daughter cells
- interphase chromatin structure resumes
- spindle disassembles
- simultaneously w/cytokinesis
Cytokinesis:
- 2nd process in mitotic cell division
- separates cytoplasm
- cleavage furrow forms by actin along spindle equator

18
Q

What occurs in telophase II of meiosis II?

A
  • production of 4 haploid cells

- 👭 chromatids separate e

19
Q

Define and describe autosomal recessive.

A
  • 2 copies of the mutant must be present in non-sex chromosomes (chromosomes 1-22) for trait
  • can skip generations
20
Q

Define and describe autosomal dominant.

A
  • 1 copy of a mutant gene and one normal gene on a pair of autosomal (non-sex) chromosomes
  • no generations skip
21
Q

Define and describe sex-linked recessive.

A
  • allele on x-chromosome (#23)
  • males affected one x chromosome
  • females only require 2 copies of alleles (less likely to be affected)
22
Q

In what kind of cells does meiosis occur?

A
  • occur in germ-line cells (sex cells)

- produces haploid cells (1/2 # chroms)

23
Q

What are the features of cells produced by meiotic division?

A

produces 4 daughter cells that are different to parent and to each other

24
Q

How are new combinations of genes produced in every generation?

A
  • during fertilization, a gamete (haploid) from each parent combine to form a zygote (diploid)
  • due to recombination & independent assortment in meiosis, each gamete contains a different set of DNA
  • produces unique combination of genes in the resulting zygote
25
Q

What are the principles of Mendel’s genetic experiments with peas?

A
  • found fundamental laws of inheritance
  • genes come in pairs and inherited as distinct units, 1 from each parent
  • Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in offspring - dom. or recess. traits
26
Q

Define dominant and recessive traits?

A

DOMINANT: trait will be present (no skip of gen.)
RECESSIVE: trait present if both alleles are present (can skip gens.)

27
Q

What is Mendel’s law of segregation?

A
  • 2 allele pairs segregate (separate) during gametogenesis (gamete formation)
  • 1 alleles from each parent randomly unite at fertilization
  • each allele keep identity in heterozygous organism
28
Q

What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

A
  • chromosome distributed to gametes independently
  • alleles for different traits distribute independently if it is on different chromosome
  • all combinations of traits is possible
29
Q

What is the difference between autosomal and sex-linked traits?

A

Autosomal: non-sex linked, chromosomes #1-23

Sex-linked: sex chromsome #23

30
Q

What is co-dominance?

A
  • non-Identical expressed equally in heterozygous individual
  • traits are discrete
  • neither dominant over other
31
Q

What is the role of stem cells in normal development?

A

s

32
Q

What are the changes in cells that make them cancerous?

A
  • mutations in genes => over subsequent generations

- accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on system

33
Q

How do cells die?

A 
APOPTOSIS:
- programmed cell death
- part of normal healthy process
NECROSIS:
- premature cell death
- result of external factor 
- eg disease, injury, hypoxia
34
Q

How are chromosomes packaged?

A

tight coiling of fibres, made up of nucleosomes, to produce chromatid of chromosome

BIO152 (8 decks)

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