Topic 3

Question 1

What are the sources of carbon?

Answer 1

Autotrophs:
- Self feeding 
- Obtain C from CO2
Heterotrophs:
- Feeding off others 
- C derived from assimilated compounds eg glucose

Question 2

What are different types of autotrophs?

Answer 2

Photosynthetic:
- Solar energy
CO2 + H20=>C6H12O6 + starch
Chemosynthetic:
- Chemical energy
- From oxidation of inorganic moleculeS
NH3=>NO2=>NO3

Question 3

What is cellular metabolism?

Answer 3

All of enzymes catalysed reaction in cell

Question 4

What are different forms of cellular metabolism?

Answer 4

• Catabolism

- Anabolism

Question 5

What is catabolism - cellular metabolism?

Answer 5

• Degradative reaction of metabolism
• Larger compounds broken down into smaller compounds
  glucose(6C)=>6CO2+6H2O

Question 6

What is anabolism - cellular metabolism?

Answer 6

• Synthetic (building) reactions of metabolism
• Smaller compounds combined into larger ones
  CO2+H20=>glucose=>starch

Question 7

What is ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 7

How energy is released

ATP=>ADP+Pi+30.5 kJ

Question 8

How is ATP generated?

Answer 8

Catabolism

Question 9

What is the process of ATP generation?

Answer 9

Anaerobic - absence of O2: fermentation
- Glucose converted pyruvate => lactate or ethanol

Aerobic - O2:

• Glucose converted to pyruvate => CO2
• Both substrate-level & oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

What are the 10 steps in glycolysis (anaerobic)?

Answer 10

1. glucose phosphorylated => glucose-6-phosphate
2. glucose-6-phosphate isomerised => fructose-6-phosphate
3. fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylated => fructose-6,1-biphosphate
4. fructose-6,1-biphosphate cleaved => 2x 3 carbon molecules
   => dihydroxyacetone phosphate
   => Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
5. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate cleaved => glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
6. only glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate proceeds + is oxidised => 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
7. 1,3-biphosphoglycerate dephosphorylated => 3-phosphoglycerate 1 phosphate group transferred ADP tp ATP
8. 3-phosphoglycerate converted => 1 phosphate group group transferred - 2-phosphoglycerate
9. 2-phosphoglycerate converted => phosphoenolglycerate
10. phosphoenolglycerate dephosphorylated => pyruvate 1 phosphate group transferred ADP –> ATP

Question 11

What is the mnemonic of glycolysis?

Answer 11

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Question 12

What are 10 steps in glycolysis?

Answer 12

1. Glucose
2. Glucose-6-phosphate
3. Fructose-6-phosphate
4. Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
5. • Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
   • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
6. Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate => Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
7. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate => 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
8. 3-phosphglycerate
9. 2-phosphoglycerate
10. Phosphoenolpyruvate
11. Pyruvate

Question 13

What is the fate of pyruvate?

Answer 13

• ethanol fermentation

- lactate fermentation

Question 14

What is the mnemonic of the TCA cycle?

Answer 14

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Question 15

What is TCA and oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)?

Answer 15

TCA:
- all aerobic organisms release stored energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA
O.P:
-H+ AND ATP synthase
- series of complexes transfer of e from e donors to e acceptors via redox reactions

Question 16

What are the individual components and sequence in the mitochondrial ETC? and where in mitochondria?

Answer 16

NADH + H+
↓
NADH oxidoreductase
↓
coenzyme Q
↓
cytochrome b
↓
cytochrome c1
↓
cytochrome c
↓
cytochrome (a+a3)
1/2 O2 => H20

e removed

WHERE?
- INNER MITCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE

Question 17

What is the total energy generation from glucose?

Answer 17

36 ATP

Question 18

How does NADH go from cytoplasm => mitochondria?

Answer 18

Via G3P shuttle