Topic 8 Flashcards
Metabolism
chemical processes in body (performed by cells)
Anabolism
building molecules
Catabolism
breaking down of molecules
Process of protein synthesis involves
- DNA transcription
- translation
Proteins can be either
enzymes or structural
DNA transcription is taking …
DNA and making it into mRNA
Steps of DNA transcription
- DNA uncoils at site of gene to expose gene base sequence
- RNA strand is formed, using code on DNA template to add completmentary RNA nucleotides
In RNA uracil not..
thymine
Translation is taking…
mRNA and making into proteins
Steps of translation
- mRNA associates with ribosomes.
- transfer RNA (tRNA) with specific aa and anticodon binds to matching RNA
- peptide bond is formed to attach aa to growing peptide chain
3 bases on mRNA equals..
base triplet or codon
Each codon codes for..
1 amino acid… amino acids can have more than 1 codon though
Anticodon
complimentary bases to codon
Sequence of DNA bases determines..
mRNA sequence which determines aa sequence for proteins
After translation..
- proteins produced on free ribosomes released into cytosol go to nucleus or mitochondria
- proteins produced by ribosomes on ER (RER) released into ER lumen
Proteins produced in RER are..
modified by addition of sugars (glycoprotein) and transferred to golgi complex
Golgi complex further modifies protein by
carb changes and lipid additions
Golgi complex packages ..
modified proteins and send to destination: cell membrane, secretion and lysosomes
Lysosome
membrane bound organelles containing digestive enzymes (breaks down enzymes)
Enzymes names end in..
ase
Enzymes
increase reaction rates, not used up in reaction, very sensitive to pH, temp. are specific and synthesis controlled by cell proteins
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates. energy is stored in phosphate bonds (covalent). little is stored so constantly made
Energy produced from ATP is used..
for reactions like protein synthesis, active membrane transport, muscle contractions, etc
Cellular respiration
production of ATP using glucose.
Glucose enters most cells by..
facilitated transport (may be higher in some cells by insulin)
Overall equation for cellular respiration
1 glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 oxygen –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 (max) ATP + heat
Steps of cellular respiration
- glycolysis (anaerobic)
- enters mitochondria (aerobic)
- krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain
In the body glycogen –>
glucose to ATP
In the body proteins..
some aa can be converted to pyretic acid or enter krebs cycle. depending on body need may form new glucose or ATP
In the body fats..
primary store form of energy in the body. broken down to form acetyl CoA to ATP
