Topic 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system is

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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2
Q

Neuron can be distinguished by..

A

the type of neurotransmitter released

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3
Q

2 types of nt that are released

A
  • cholinergic (ACh)

- adrenergic = norepinephrine (NE)

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4
Q

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic nervous system

- parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares body for activity (ex: fight or flight response). its activated during exercise

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6
Q

To stop a chemical stimulation you need to..

A

remove the nt

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7
Q

To remove ACh what happens..

A

ACh broken own to AChE on post synaptic membrane (cell body/dendrites of postganglionic neuron or effector cell)

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8
Q

To remove NE what happens..

A

NE broken down by MAO in synaptic end bulb of neuron that released it

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9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

function is to rest and digest (housekeeping),

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10
Q

Most organs innervated by AND have both..

A

SNA and PSNS (usually have opposites actions`)

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11
Q

ANS regulates ..

A

internal processes continuously and automatically

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12
Q

Order of higher control ANS

A

cerebrum –> hypothalamus –> medulla oblongata –> ANS –> SNS or PSNS

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13
Q

3 types of movement

A
  • reflexes
  • voluntary
  • rhythmic
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14
Q

Reflexes can be either..

A
  • spinal

- postural

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15
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

least complex, require sensory input from muscle spindles

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16
Q

Postural reflexes

A

for balance, posture. require sensory input from proprioceptors, eyes, inner ear

17
Q

Voluntary movement

A

most complex, no external stimuli required (act of will)

18
Q

Rhythmic movement

A

walking, running, etc. combination of reflex and voluntary

19
Q

6 levels of motor control (refer to chart)

A
  • premotor cortex
  • primary motor cortex
  • brain stem nuclei
  • spinal cord
  • lower motor neurons
  • sk. muscles
20
Q

Level 1

A

planning what to move, sequence of muscle contractions, signals primary motor cortex and works with input from cerebellum

21
Q

Level 2

A

signals directly to lower motor neurons (via corticospinal tract). fine skilled movements

22
Q

Level 3

A

brain stem nuclei –> descending motor tracts–> lower motor neurons = indirect tracts. receive input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum. involved in coordination of large muscle groups for maintenance of posture and locomotion

23
Q

Level 4: Spinal cord

A

contains:

  • cell bodies of lower motor neurons
  • networks of neurons (central pattern generators) which set rhythmic, repeated movements (require cortical signals to begin or stop movement
24
Q

Level 5: Cerebellum

A

role in planning and initiation movement (sends input into cortical areas). stores planned movement and compares actual to plan using sensory input. maintains balance controls eye movements, has a role in maintaining muscle tone. coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving more than 1 joint

25
Level 5: Basal nuclei
aid in planning movement, suppress unwanted motions, role in maintaining muscle tone
26
Corticospinal (direct) pathway
cortex to skeletal muscle
27
2 parts of the corticospinal direct pathway
- upper motor neurons | - lower motor neurons
28
Upper motor neurons of corticospinal pathway
cell bodies in primary motor cortex. axons down spinal cord
29
Lower motor neurons of corticospinal pathway
cell bodies in central horn of sp. cord. axons exit via spinal nerves
30
Destruction of upper motor neurons
reflex arcs still present
31
Destruction of upper motor neurons can cause ..
- spastic paralysis (increase muscle tone) | - exaggerated reflexes
32
Exaggerated reflexes example
plantar reflex- scratch sole of foot. if normal then plantar flexion of toes. if babinski sign then extend big toe (indicates damage to upper motor neurons (normal for babies though)
33
Destruction of lower motor neurons can cause ...
- loss of reflex arc (no reflex) - flaccid paralysis (decrease tone, marked muscle atrophy) - ex: polio
34
Poliomyelitis
virus destroys cell bodies in ventral horn of sp cord
35
Language
areas in left cortex of most people (equivalent areas on right side produced emotional components of language)
36
Important brain regions of language
- cortex: for concepts - wernicke's area, broker's area, basal nuclei: makeup the language implementation system and analyzes the incoming and produces outgoing word sounds and grammatical structures - areas of the visual and auditory cortex
37
Signals pass from the language areas to..
premotor cortex to plan muscle contractions. primary motor cortex initiates planned contractions
38
What happens when theres damage to the wernicke's
can't understand spoken or written words but can speak but words are meaningless or mixed up
39
What happens when theres damage to the broca's
understand words but difficult to speak of white sensibly