Topic 6

Question 1

Central nervous system is

Answer 1

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 2

Neuron can be distinguished by..

Answer 2

the type of neurotransmitter released

Question 3

2 types of nt that are released

Answer 3

• cholinergic (ACh)

- adrenergic = norepinephrine (NE)

Question 4

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

• sympathetic nervous system

- parasympathetic nervous system

Question 5

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

prepares body for activity (ex: fight or flight response). its activated during exercise

Question 6

To stop a chemical stimulation you need to..

Answer 6

remove the nt

Question 7

To remove ACh what happens..

Answer 7

ACh broken own to AChE on post synaptic membrane (cell body/dendrites of postganglionic neuron or effector cell)

Question 8

To remove NE what happens..

Answer 8

NE broken down by MAO in synaptic end bulb of neuron that released it

Question 9

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

function is to rest and digest (housekeeping),

Question 10

Most organs innervated by AND have both..

Answer 10

SNA and PSNS (usually have opposites actions`)

Question 11

ANS regulates ..

Answer 11

internal processes continuously and automatically

Question 12

Order of higher control ANS

Answer 12

cerebrum –> hypothalamus –> medulla oblongata –> ANS –> SNS or PSNS

Question 13

3 types of movement

Answer 13

• reflexes
• voluntary
• rhythmic

Question 14

Reflexes can be either..

Answer 14

• spinal

- postural

Question 15

Spinal reflexes

Answer 15

least complex, require sensory input from muscle spindles

Question 16

Postural reflexes

Answer 16

for balance, posture. require sensory input from proprioceptors, eyes, inner ear

Question 17

Voluntary movement

Answer 17

most complex, no external stimuli required (act of will)

Question 18

Rhythmic movement

Answer 18

walking, running, etc. combination of reflex and voluntary

Question 19

6 levels of motor control (refer to chart)

Answer 19

• premotor cortex
• primary motor cortex
• brain stem nuclei
• spinal cord
• lower motor neurons
• sk. muscles

Question 20

Level 1

Answer 20

planning what to move, sequence of muscle contractions, signals primary motor cortex and works with input from cerebellum

Question 21

Level 2

Answer 21

signals directly to lower motor neurons (via corticospinal tract). fine skilled movements

Question 22

Level 3

Answer 22

brain stem nuclei –> descending motor tracts–> lower motor neurons = indirect tracts. receive input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum. involved in coordination of large muscle groups for maintenance of posture and locomotion

Question 23

Level 4: Spinal cord

Answer 23

contains:

• cell bodies of lower motor neurons
• networks of neurons (central pattern generators) which set rhythmic, repeated movements (require cortical signals to begin or stop movement

Question 24

Level 5: Cerebellum

Answer 24

role in planning and initiation movement (sends input into cortical areas). stores planned movement and compares actual to plan using sensory input. maintains balance controls eye movements, has a role in maintaining muscle tone. coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving more than 1 joint

Question 25

Level 5: Basal nuclei

Answer 25

aid in planning movement, suppress unwanted motions, role in maintaining muscle tone

Question 26

Corticospinal (direct) pathway

Answer 26

cortex to skeletal muscle

Question 27

2 parts of the corticospinal direct pathway

Answer 27

• upper motor neurons

- lower motor neurons

Question 28

Upper motor neurons of corticospinal pathway

Answer 28

cell bodies in primary motor cortex. axons down spinal cord

Question 29

Lower motor neurons of corticospinal pathway

Answer 29

cell bodies in central horn of sp. cord. axons exit via spinal nerves

Question 30

Destruction of upper motor neurons

Answer 30

reflex arcs still present

Question 31

Destruction of upper motor neurons can cause ..

Answer 31

• spastic paralysis (increase muscle tone)

- exaggerated reflexes

Question 32

Exaggerated reflexes example

Answer 32

plantar reflex- scratch sole of foot. if normal then plantar flexion of toes. if babinski sign then extend big toe (indicates damage to upper motor neurons (normal for babies though)

Question 33

Destruction of lower motor neurons can cause …

Answer 33

• loss of reflex arc (no reflex)
• flaccid paralysis (decrease tone, marked muscle atrophy)
• ex: polio

Question 34

Poliomyelitis

Answer 34

virus destroys cell bodies in ventral horn of sp cord

Question 35

Language

Answer 35

areas in left cortex of most people (equivalent areas on right side produced emotional components of language)

Question 36

Important brain regions of language

Answer 36

• cortex: for concepts
• wernicke’s area, broker’s area, basal nuclei: makeup the language implementation system and analyzes the incoming and produces outgoing word sounds and grammatical structures
• areas of the visual and auditory cortex

Question 37

Signals pass from the language areas to..

Answer 37

premotor cortex to plan muscle contractions. primary motor cortex initiates planned contractions

Question 38

What happens when theres damage to the wernicke’s

Answer 38

can’t understand spoken or written words but can speak but words are meaningless or mixed up

Question 39

What happens when theres damage to the broca’s

Answer 39

understand words but difficult to speak of white sensibly