Topic 5

Question 1

sensory (afferent) division inputs info into..

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord (control centres)

Question 2

brain and spinal cord integrate info and control effectors though..

Answer 2

motor (efferent) division (output)

Question 3

Reflexes on the spinal cord

Answer 3

rapid automatic response to stimuli, always causes the same motor response, usually protective and involves 2 or more neurons

Question 4

Reflex pathway or arc =

Answer 4

pathway of impulses

Question 5

Reflexes are categorized according to..

Answer 5

• effector
• which sides of the boys the sensory and motor neurons are located
• number if synapses and neurons in arc

Question 6

2 ways reflexes are sorted by effectors

Answer 6

• somatic reflex= effector is skeletal muscle

- visceral (autonomic) reflex - effector is smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

Question 7

2 ways reflexes are sorted by which sides of the body the sensory and mother neurons are located

Answer 7

• ipsilateral reflex = sensory and motor neurons are on same side
• contralateral = sensory and motor neurons are on opposite sides

Question 8

2 ways reflexes are sorted by number of synapses and neurons in arc

Answer 8

• monosynaptic reflex = one synapse between 1 sensory and 1 motor neuron
• polysynaptic reflex= 2 or more synapses between 3 or more neurons

Question 9

3 somatic spinal reflexes

Answer 9

• stretch reflex
• flexor reflex
• crosses extensor reflex

Question 10

Stretch reflex

Answer 10

ex: knee jerk reflex. extensor muscle contacts. ipsilateral, monosynaptic
- stimulus= tapping patellar ligament, which stretches the quadriceps fears muscle
- receptor= muscle spindle
- effector- skeletal muscle contacts

Question 11

Flexor reflex

Answer 11

ex: in leg
ipsilateral, polysynaptic
-stimulus= stepping on nail
-receptor= touch, pressure, pain
-effector= hamstrings contacts

Question 12

Crosses extensor reflex

Answer 12

ex: in leg
contralateral, polysynaptic, keeps you from falling
-stimulus= stepping on nail
-receptor= touch, pressure, pain
-effector= quadriceps femoris in opposite leg contacts

Question 13

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 13

skeletal muscle (or group) contracts (agonist), at same time, antagonist prevented from contracting.

Question 14

Example of reciprocal inhibition

Answer 14

stretch reflex

• quadriceps femoris (agonist) contacts
• hamstrings (antagonist) contraction inhibited

Question 15

Autonomic spinal reflexes

Answer 15

effector = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

Question 16

Example of autonomic spinal reflexes

Answer 16

micturition reflex- urinary bladder

• stimulus = stretch of the bladder
• receptor = stretch receptors in the bladder wall
• CNS = sacral segment of spinal cord (PSNS)
• effector= detrusor muscle contacts and internal urethral sphincter opens (both smooth muscle)

Question 17

Cerebrums 4 tasks

Answer 17

• interpreting sensory info from general and special sense
• initiating and controlling skeletal muscle movement
• memory, intellect
• relaying info between different parts of the brain and/or spinal cord

Question 18

Brain stem

Answer 18

• controls life sustaining processes

- if brain stem functional but high centres damaged then your alive but not aware, no conscious control

Question 19

3 parts of the brainstem

Answer 19

• midbrain
• pons
• medulla oblongata

Question 20

Midbrain

Answer 20

auditory and visual reflexes, movement of eyes, had, and neck in response to stimuli

Question 21

Pons

Answer 21

functions with medulla to regulate breathing

Question 22

3 functional regions of the medulla oblongata

Answer 22

• decussation of sensory and motor tracts
• autonomic vital reflex centres
• other non vital areas

Question 23

Decussation (crossing) of sensory and motor tracts

Answer 23

left brain controls right skel. muscles, receives sensory input from right side

Question 24

2 Autonomic vital reflex centres

Answer 24

• respiratory area (drives breathing rate

- cardiovascular centre (cardiac area= heart rate) (vasomotor area= controls blood vessel diameter)

Question 25

Other non vital areas of the modular oblongata

Answer 25

controls swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, etc

Question 26

6 major functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 26

• regulates ANS for smooth and cardica muscle and glands
• regulates parts of endocrine system
• regulates temp (thermostat cells)
• regulates food and water intake
• part of limbic system
• part of reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 27

Limbic system

Answer 27

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus. emotional brain where basic emotions are regulated

Question 28

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Answer 28

reticular formation in brainstem, cortex, and thalamus. alerting function when awake receives sensory input for awaking (sleep cycle)

Question 29

If all major homeostatic function are damaged…

Answer 29

loss of homeostasis