topic 8

Question 1

what is intergroup behaviour?

Answer 1

behaviour between members of a group- actions based on the awareness that you are part of a group

Question 2

what did Berkowitz suggest intergroup prejudice and discriminatory behaviour is a function of?

Answer 2

aversive events
aggressive associations

Question 3

what are the stages of collective violence?

Answer 3

relative deprivation
frustration
aversive environmental conditions amplify frustration
individual acts of aggression
these made worse by aggressive stimuli
aggression becomes more widespread and is the dominant response
aggression rapidly spreads through social facilitation

Question 4

who distinguished between the two types of relative deprivation?

Answer 4

Runciman

Question 5

what is egoistic relative depression?

Answer 5

personally have less than we are entitled to
relative to our personal aspirations or other individuals

Question 6

what is fraternalistic relative depression?

Answer 6

our group has less than we are entitled to
relative to other groups
associated with social unrest

Question 7

who proposed realistic conflict theory?

Answer 7

Sherif

Question 8

what is realistic conflict theory?

Answer 8

competing over scarce resources
intergroup relations marked by conflict
ethoncentrism arises

Question 9

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 9

use our own group as a standard to compare to other groups
own group is the centre of everything- everything else is relative to it

Question 10

what were the four stages of Sherif’s summer camp studies?

Answer 10

spontaneous friendship group formation
in group and norm formation
intergroup competition
intergroup cooperation

Question 11

what are the 4 phases in Sherif’s summer camp studies?

Answer 11

1= arrived at camp, activities, friendships formed
2= camp divided into 2 groups, friendships split
3= competitive games between groups, ethnocentric attitudes and behaviour amplified, intergroup encounters led to intergroup hostility
4= groups provided with superordinate goals, had to work in cooperation, cooperation reduced conflict

Question 12

what do mutually exclusive goals between groups result in?

Answer 12

ethnocentrism
realistic group conflict

Question 13

what do shared goals between groups result in?

Answer 13

co operation

Question 14

who proposed the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 14

Tajfel et al

Question 15

what is the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 15

experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorisation alone on behaviour

Question 16

what are the stages of the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 16

assigned participants to 2 groups
participants only knew their own group membership
identity of recipients unknown
asked to allocate money to others

Question 17

what were the results of the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 17

in group favouritism
even though no history, or self interest, and the identity of other members in each group was unknown

Question 18

what is social identity theory?

Answer 18

theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self categorisation, social comparison and the construction of a shared self definition

Question 19

what do social categories provide members with?

Answer 19

a social identity

Question 20

what is a social identity?

Answer 20

part of self concept derived from membership of social groups

Question 21

how can realistic conflict theory improve intergroup relations?

Answer 21

existence of superordinate goals gradually reduces intergroup hostility and conflict

Question 22

what is a problem with realistic conflict theory to improve intergroup relations?

Answer 22

if fail to achieve a superordinate goal, may worsen intergroup relations is failure attibuted to outgroup

Question 23

how can the contact hypothesis improve intergroup relations?

Answer 23

bringing members of opposing social groups together will improve intergroup relations, and reduce prejudice and discrimination

Question 24

what are the conditions for contact in the contact hypothesis?

Answer 24

should be prolonged and involve cooperative activity
contact between people or groups of equal social status
should occur within framework of official and institutional support for intergration