EXTRA READING Flashcards
what is extra reading for Me, Myself and I?
Tice (1992)- ppts answered questions reflecting their personality, watched or not, more impact on self concept when performed publically not privately- saw themselves as they thought others saw them
what is extra reading for social cognition and biases?
Holland (1967)= repeated Milgram’s obedience study, look at if people had an internal or external locus of control- 37% of internals didn’t continue to the highest shock level compared to 23% of externals.
internals have a greater resistance to authority, supporting the idea of Attributional Theory, and how we identify cause/effect
what is extra reading for attitudes and attitude change?
cognitive algebra model (Anderson, 1963)= we assign positive and negative values to attributes, and combine these into positives and negatives to form a general evaluation. this shows how we acquire knowledge to change and form our attitudes
what is extra reading for group processes?
Monteil and Huguet (1999)= Stroop Task- participants have to name the colour of ink that words are written in- either consistent or inconsistent with word colour. participants performed the task alone/presence of others- found latencies on the difficult task were lower in the social presence condition. social attention narrowed attention on the ink colour, supporting the idea of groups affecting individual performance.
what is extra reading for social influence? (obedience)
Bickman (1974)- 3 confederates dressed in different outfits- jacket and tie, milkman’s outfit, and a security guard uniform. asked people in the street to perform tasks, people twice as likely to obey the person dressed as a security guard than a jacket and tie
what is extra reading for social influence (minority influence)?
6 pople asked to view a set of 36 blue coloured slides varying in intensity,say if slides were blue or green, 2 confederates said green on 2/3 trials. consistent minority gave the wrong answer on 8.42% of trials, whereas for an inconsistent minority gave the wrong answer on 1.25% of trials
what is extra reading for social categorisation, stereotypes and prejudice?
Pettigrew (1958)= south US more racist than north US, but they didn’t differ in terms of how Authoritarian their personalities were- so whilst personality can predispose people, a culture of prejudice and it being the social norm is necessary
what is extra reading for aggression (innate theories)?
for evolutionary explanations= Wilson and Daly (1996)= identified mate retention strategies, such as direct guarding and negative inducement. these strategies were adaptive in our evolutionary history as they prevent people’s partners from straying
what is extra reading for aggression (social theories)?
Poulin and Boivin (2000)- found most aggressive boys formed friendships with other aggressive boys. this reinforced the aggression, as they were frequently exposed to models of physical aggression and its often positive consequences
what is extra reading for intergroup relations and conflict?
Berkowitz (1972)- research supports the idea of social unrest, during this time the US experienced a number of riots, and these were occuring during long periods of hot weather eg) Detroit Riots- aversive conditions
what is extra reading for prosocial behaviour? (innate mechanism)
Sagi and Hoffmann (1976)- even infants of one or two days old can respond to the distress of another infant- suggests it is an innate mechanism and is evolutionary
what is extra reading for prosocial behaviour? (helping)
Bryan and Test (1967)- investigated whether a model would influence the number of people who would stop to help a woman change a car tyre. 2 conditions: one had a model helping to change the tyre, another didn’t- motorists exposed to a prosocial model were over 50% more likely to help in the future.
what is extra reading for all you need is love (factors affecting attraction)
Laurenceau et al (2005). people wrote daily diary entries. found that self disclosure and the perception of self disclosure in a partner were linked to higher levels of intimacy in long term married couples.
what is extra reading for all you need is love? (theories of romantic relationships)
Utne (1984)- equity theory: carried out a survey of recently married couples, and measured equity using self report scales. researchers found that couples who considered their relationship as equitable were more satisfied than those who saw themselves as over or under benefitting
