topic 4

Question 1

what type of interaction occurs within a group?

Answer 1

face to face

Question 2

what are the different types of groups?

Answer 2

strong interpersonal relationships
to fulfil a task
weak social relationships
transitory relationships
large social categories

Question 3

who proposed the different types of groups?

Answer 3

Lickel et al

Question 4

who conducted the minimal groups task?

Answer 4

Tajfel et al

Question 5

what happened in the minimal groups task?

Answer 5

divided into 2 groups
allocated money to their own group
can’t be explained by friendships or personal benefit

Question 6

what happened in Triplett’s study of social facilitation?

Answer 6

people’s times improved when racing against other people or being timed
children were faster on a ‘fishing line’ task when racing against each other rather than alone

Question 7

what is the effect of mere presence?

Answer 7

improved performance

Question 8

which studies suggest the effects of social inhibition?

Answer 8

men are slower at weeing when other men are present in the cubicle
slower at complex tasks, eg) writing your name backwards, under the presence of other people

Question 9

what is Zajonc’s drive theory?

Answer 9

mere presence of others increases arousal and energises the dominant response

Question 10

who proposed Evaluation Apprehension Theory?

Answer 10

Cottrell

Question 11

what is Evaluation Apprehension Theory?

Answer 11

social facilitation is an acquired effect
based on the perceived evaluations of others
needs to be an evaluating audience

Question 12

what happened in Cottrell’s study into Evaluation Apprehension?

Answer 12

3 audience conditions:
blindfolded, merely present, attentive audience

performed easy tasks

social facilitation was found when the audience was evaluative

Question 13

what happened in Markus’ research into Evaluation Apprehension?

Answer 13

time taken to dress in familiar vs unfamiliar clothes as a function of social presence

3 conditions: 1) alone, 2) inattentive audience, 3) attentive audience

attentive audience sped up performance in an easy task, but little difference in a difficult task

Question 14

what is the conclusion for evaluation apprehension?

Answer 14

sometimes helpful but sometimes unnecessary for social facilitation

Question 15

what happened in Schmitt’s study into evaluation apprehension

Answer 15

participants had to type their name backwards
mere presence of others made people perform a simple task quicker, and a difficult task slower
adding evaluation apprehension made little difference to typing speed

Question 16

what is distraction conflict theory?

Answer 16

people become distracted focusing on what others are doing, and perform worse

Question 17

what happened in Sander’s study of distraction conflict theory?

Answer 17

participants completed an easy/difficult task
either alone/ presence of someone doing the same task/ presence of someone doing a different task
performed worse when someone did the same thing as them due to more distraction

Question 18

which two types of loss happen due to the Ringelman effect?

Answer 18

co ordination loss
motivation loss

Question 19

what happened in Latane’s study of social loafing?

Answer 19

people cheered and clapped less as the number of people increased

by 29% in 2 person groups, 49% in 4 person groups and 60% in 6 person groups

Question 20

which two reasons does Geen suggest people loaf?

Answer 20

evaluation apprehension= individuals only believe their effors are being judged when they perform alone- in groups people aren’t accountable

output equity= when people learn others are not pulling their weight, they too can lose motivation and put less effort in

Question 21

how can identifiability reduce social loafing?

Answer 21

identifying people’s role in the task means they feel more responsible

Question 22

how can individual responsibility reduce social loafing?

Answer 22

people understand how their own personal contribution is unique

Question 23

who proposed the collective effort model?

Answer 23

Karau and Williams

Question 24

what is the collective effort model?

Answer 24

people will put effort into a task when:
-they feel as though they have a unique contribution
-feel as though it will benefit them- in a concrete or abstract way

Question 25

what did Moscovici and Zavalloni find out about group polarisation?

Answer 25

group discussion enhanced French people’s already positive attitude of their president, and already negative attitude towards Americans

Question 26

when is group problem solving useful?

Answer 26

when people critique each other’s ideas
in small not large groups- if the experimenter is not present to monitor the process

Question 27

when is group problem solving not useful?

Answer 27

if only simple group decisions occur, with no breakout from individuals

Question 28

what is group think?

Answer 28

objections to poor group decisions are suppressed to maintain group harmony

Question 29

what conditions does group think occur under?

Answer 29

stressful situation
strong, powerful leader
cohesive group of likeminded people, cut off from external, moderating influences

Question 30

who proposed the conditions for group think?

Answer 30

Janis

Question 31

what are the conditions for group think?

Answer 31

group doesn’t carry out adequate research
alternative options not considered
risks not adequately assessed