topic 4 Flashcards
what type of interaction occurs within a group?
face to face
what are the different types of groups?
strong interpersonal relationships
to fulfil a task
weak social relationships
transitory relationships
large social categories
who proposed the different types of groups?
Lickel et al
who conducted the minimal groups task?
Tajfel et al
what happened in the minimal groups task?
divided into 2 groups
allocated money to their own group
can’t be explained by friendships or personal benefit
what happened in Triplett’s study of social facilitation?
people’s times improved when racing against other people or being timed
children were faster on a ‘fishing line’ task when racing against each other rather than alone
what is the effect of mere presence?
improved performance
which studies suggest the effects of social inhibition?
men are slower at weeing when other men are present in the cubicle
slower at complex tasks, eg) writing your name backwards, under the presence of other people
what is Zajonc’s drive theory?
mere presence of others increases arousal and energises the dominant response
who proposed Evaluation Apprehension Theory?
Cottrell
what is Evaluation Apprehension Theory?
social facilitation is an acquired effect
based on the perceived evaluations of others
needs to be an evaluating audience
what happened in Cottrell’s study into Evaluation Apprehension?
3 audience conditions:
blindfolded, merely present, attentive audience
performed easy tasks
social facilitation was found when the audience was evaluative
what happened in Markus’ research into Evaluation Apprehension?
time taken to dress in familiar vs unfamiliar clothes as a function of social presence
3 conditions: 1) alone, 2) inattentive audience, 3) attentive audience
attentive audience sped up performance in an easy task, but little difference in a difficult task
what is the conclusion for evaluation apprehension?
sometimes helpful but sometimes unnecessary for social facilitation
what happened in Schmitt’s study into evaluation apprehension
participants had to type their name backwards
mere presence of others made people perform a simple task quicker, and a difficult task slower
adding evaluation apprehension made little difference to typing speed
what is distraction conflict theory?
people become distracted focusing on what others are doing, and perform worse
what happened in Sander’s study of distraction conflict theory?
participants completed an easy/difficult task
either alone/ presence of someone doing the same task/ presence of someone doing a different task
performed worse when someone did the same thing as them due to more distraction
which two types of loss happen due to the Ringelman effect?
co ordination loss
motivation loss
what happened in Latane’s study of social loafing?
people cheered and clapped less as the number of people increased
by 29% in 2 person groups, 49% in 4 person groups and 60% in 6 person groups
which two reasons does Geen suggest people loaf?
evaluation apprehension= individuals only believe their effors are being judged when they perform alone- in groups people aren’t accountable
output equity= when people learn others are not pulling their weight, they too can lose motivation and put less effort in
how can identifiability reduce social loafing?
identifying people’s role in the task means they feel more responsible
how can individual responsibility reduce social loafing?
people understand how their own personal contribution is unique
who proposed the collective effort model?
Karau and Williams
what is the collective effort model?
people will put effort into a task when:
-they feel as though they have a unique contribution
-feel as though it will benefit them- in a concrete or abstract way
