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topic 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a category?

A

collection of instances that have a family resemblance, organised around a prototype

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2
Q

what is a prototype?

A

cognitive representation of a category

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3
Q

are categories rigid?

A

no- usually typical of the category (depending on the prototype)

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4
Q

why do we categorise?

A

reduces cogntitive effort
maintain a positive self esteem
understand the world around us more

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5
Q

how does categorising reduce cognitive effort?

A

simplifies how individuals think about the world

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6
Q

how does categorisation allow us to maintain a posiitve self esteem?

A

motivational for our social identity

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7
Q

how does categorisation allow us to understand the world around us more?

A

once a category is activated, we see all members as possessing all traits of the stereotype

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8
Q

what happened in Hamilton and Sherman’s study of illusory correlation?

A

asked White American participants to estimate the number of Americans who were arrested

they incorrectly overestimated minority groups

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9
Q

what are the effects of stereotyping?

A

prejudice and discrimination

behavioural assimilation

stereotype threat

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10
Q

what is behavioural assimilation?

A

stereotypes don’t just influence our perceptions of others- can also influence our own behaviour

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11
Q

what is stereotype threat?

A

threat of negative evaluations can actually lead to poor performance

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12
Q

what happened in Bargh et al’s behavioural assimilation task?

A

used words either related to elderly stereotypes or unrelated to age

participants were directed to the exit, and timed how long it took them to reach it

participants primed with elderly words were slower to leave the room

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13
Q

what did Papies find out about behavioural assimilation?

A

people who want to be thinner will make healthier choices if primed with words like diet and thin

however, this only works for those with their main goal as a healthy diet

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14
Q

what is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A

prejudice= the thoughts
discrimination= the behaviour

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15
Q

what did Gaetner and Dovidio find out about reluctance to help?

A

participants were reluctant to help a minority in an emergency unless others were present

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16
Q

what did Monin and Miller find out about tokenism?

A

participants who were given the opportunity to hire a well qualified minority candidate were more likely to discriminate against minorities in subsequent hiring

had already ‘proved’ that they were not prejudiced

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17
Q

what did Dutton and Lake find out about reverse discrimination?

A

people displayed pro-minority behaviour, but only as a way to deflect accusations of prejudice

eg) gave more money to a minority member when felt threatened

18
Q

what did Dovidio find out about racist attitudes?

A

decline of racist attitudes over the last 60 years

19
Q

what did Quillian and Lee find out about racism?

A

hiring discrimination for minority groups has not fallen (after looking at 170, 000) applications

20
Q

what are the 3 theories of subtle prejudice?

A

modern or symbolic racism
ambivalent racism
ambivalent sexism

21
Q

who proposed modern/symbolic racism?

A

Kinder and Sears

22
Q

what is modern/symbolic racism?

A

blaming the victim

supporting policies that happen to disadvantage racial minorities

23
Q

who proposed ambivalent racism?

A

Katz and Hass

24
Q

what is ambivalent racism?

A

high scores on pro-Black attitudes (pity for disadvantaged) but also high scores on anti-Black attitudes (hostility towards the deviant)= contrasting attitudes

25
Q

who proposed ambivalent sexism?

A

Glick and Fiske

26
Q

what is ambivalent sexism?

A

hostile sexism portrays women in a negative light
benevolent sexism could be seen as apparently positive

27
Q

what are the two causes of prejudice?

A

historical/economical
psychological

28
Q

what is the frustration aggression hypothesis?

A

frustration always leads to aggression
aggression always leads to frustration
psychic energy needs an outlet, so we find a scapegoat

29
Q

what are the stages in frustration aggression?

A

identify personal goals

psychic energy activated

frustration of goal achievement

source of frustration too powerful

scapegoat found

catharsis by displacing aggression

30
Q

how does Hovland and Sears’ study demonstrate the frustration aggression hypothesis?

A

measured the price of cotton and number of lynchings of Black workers over 50 years

as frustration increased, lynchings increased (displaced aggression)

31
Q

how does Adorno et al’s study support the idea of an Authoritarian personality?

A

developed the F scale= potential for facism

those who scored high on the F scale had an authoritarian personality

correlation between harshness of upbringing and measures of prejudice

32
Q

what are the issues with the F scale?

A

politically biased
can’t determine cause and effect
poor methodology
retrospective
ignores the social context

33
Q

who proposed that social learning leads to racism?

A

Tajfel

34
Q

how are parental prejudices related to prejudice?

A

modelling= child witnesses racial hatred

conditioning= parents approve of racist behaviour

35
Q

what did Minard find out about conformity attitudes?

A

investigated the attitudes of white miners- 60% swtiched between being racist or not depending on whether situational norms encouraged or discouraged prejudice

36
Q

what is social identity theory?

A

we have a social identity as well as a personal one, made up of how we categorise ourselves in social groups

37
Q

why is social identity important?

A

helps to maintain self esteem
social bonding

38
Q

why is social identity not important?

A

implications for interactions with outgroup members

39
Q

what happened in Elliot’s blue eyes/brown eyes demonstration?

A

split the class according to eye colour
treated blue eyes with discriminatory behaviour
blue eyed children were inferior
wore a collar and lost priviledges
brown eyed children quick to derrogate these children

40
Q

who examined whether personality or social psychological factors predicted sexism?

A

Akrami et al

improvements psych (12 decks)

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