topic 7: conservation regulations and ethics

Question 1

what does CITES stand for

Answer 1

convention of international trade od endangered species

Question 2

what is CITES

Answer 2

is an international agreement that ensures wildlife species are not threatened by entinction from trade

Question 3

what is the purpose of CITES

Answer 3

regulates international trade of CITES-listed live animals and plants, as well
as their parts and derivatives, by requiring CITES permits to be obtained before
consignments are allowed to leave or enter a countr

Question 4

tell me about animals listed in appendix I

Answer 4

The species listed in Appendix I face high risk of extinction if their trade is not
severely restricted. Thus, trade of these species for commercial purposes is
generally prohibited.
 Exceptions are captive-bred species from CITES-registered captive breeding
farms, which can only be traded after traders have obtained the relevant CITES
permits.
 These permits are issued under special circumstances to organizations such as
zoological gardens, bird parks, research institutions, and museums

Question 5

examples of animals in apendix I

Answer 5

tigers, elephants,rhinoceroses

Question 6

CITES Classification of Endangered Species

Answer 6

appendix I,II,III

Question 7

appendix II trade

Answer 7

The species listed in Appendix II may be threatened to extinction if trade of these
species is not regulated. Commercial trade in these species is allowed only after
traders have obtained the relevant CITES permits

Question 8

example of animals in appendix II

Answer 8

Crocodiles, pythons, monitor lizards

Question 9

trade of animals in appendix III

Answer 9

Species listed in Appendix III are endangered in some countries. To import these species,
you need a Certificate of Origin from the exporting/re-exporting country. If the species
originates from a country that lists it on CITES Appendix III, you will need a CITES permit
from the country of export and a CITES import permit from NParks to import it into
Singapore

Question 10

example of animals in appendix III

Answer 10

fox, walrusus

Question 11

what does esa stand for and who does it work with

Answer 11

The Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act Cap 92A (ESA) is the national
legislation that effects the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna & Flora (CITES) regulations in Singapore (u dont follow cites) (for trade of land and sea animals)

Question 12

what does the esa help to ensure

Answer 12

Under the ESA, a CITES permit issued by NParks is required to import, export, or
re-export a CITES-listed species, and their parts and derivatives. Failure to comply
with this requirement may result in confiscation of the goods and enforcement
actions may be taken against the importer/exporter/re-exporter.
 It is also an offence to possess, sell, offer for sale, or publicly display any CITES
species, as well as their parts and derivatives, if they have been imported without
(the necessary CITES permits. ( no cites permit to have for cites-species and part-> confication, action taken for imported/exporter/reexporter) _
(display,sell without cites permit->offense/rule broken )

Question 13

under esa, what can NPark do if u transport goods without CITES permit

Answer 13

-enter and search any premises without warrant, to seize any illegal wildlife
-. They can also investigate cases of CITES-listed species transiting Singapore. Wildlife
offences are classified as predicate offences under the Corruption, Drug
Trafficking and other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefit) Act 1992 (CDSA).
This classification enables the investigation of money laundering and confiscation
of any financial gains derived from wildlife offences

Question 14

what is cdsa

Answer 14

Corruption, Drug
Trafficking and other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefit) Act 1992 (CDSA

Question 15

what is classified as a predicate offense (serious crimes that need money to be investigated) under CDSA and what does it enable to do

Answer 15

wildlife offences ,This classification enables the investigation of money laundering and confiscation
of any financial gains derived from wildlife offences

Question 16

Any individual or company violating the above laws face the following penalties (CDSA, ESA)

Answer 16

-A fine of up to S$200,000 per specimen (not exceeding aggregate of S$1,000,000
or the market value of all specimens at the material time, whichever is higher);
and/or
-Imprisonment for up to eight years.-
- In addition to the ESA, NParks also effects legislation that protects or regulates
trade of live animals, and native fauna and plants.

Question 17

whatare certain marine species protected under

Answer 17

Wildlife Act
and CITE

Question 18

what does wildlife act and cites law say

Answer 18

illegal to import, take, trap, keep, kill and sell protected wildlife
species.

Question 19

what happenes if u catch a protected marine species

Answer 19

-release back immediately
if done: A fine up to S$50,000; and/orImprisonment for up to two years.

Question 20

what law prohibits the sale of elephant ivory and ivory products, and
public display of elephant ivory and ivory products for the purpose of sale in
Singapore.

Answer 20

The Endangered Species (Import And Export) (Prohibition Of Sale) (Amendment)
Notification 2021

Question 21

what reasons are public display of ivory and ivory products alowed for

Answer 21

The public display of elephant ivory or ivory products for educational
or religious purposes is permitted under the Endangered Species (Import And
Export) (Display Of Elephant Ivory — Exemption) Order 2021

Question 22

Any individual or company found to have contravened the ban shall face the following
penalties: (elephant ivory and ivory parts)

Answer 22

A fine of up to S$200,000 per specimen (not exceeding aggregate of S$1,000,000
or the market value of all specimens at the material time, whichever is higher);
and/or
 Imprisonment for up to 8 years.

Question 23

who is responsible for the
implementation and enforcement of CITES in Singapore,

Answer 23

NParks

Question 24

What role do local communities, public awareness campaign,
research and internation collaboration play in the implementation
and enforcement of wildlife conservation and animal protection
laws? (why it is important for local comm invlovement, have campaigns)

Answer 24

-public awareness campaigns: to reduce the demand for wildlife products and impacts of climate change on the wildlife
-developing climate reslient conservation strategies: less greenhouse gas emission-> help wildlife to better adapt to changing environmnetal changes (eg habitat resoration)
-local communities in conservation efforts, providng alternate livelihood, integrating traditional knowlege into management plans while respecting local needs
-promote sustainable land use and resource use in agriculture, forestry, fisheries to reduce habitat destruction and support biodiversity
investing in research-> to understand wildlife
-international collbaoration, sharing knowlege, resources, best practises -> to enhance the effectiveness of conservation efforts
ecology with public education and wareness programme-> imo for fostering culture of conservatio

Question 25

what is transboundary conservation

Answer 25

implies working across boundaries to achieve conservation objectives

Question 26

benefits of transboundary conservation

Answer 26

progress and good cooperation can lead to many benefits for biodiversity, people and politics of a specific area (work tgt->trust)

Question 27

What are the four types of transboundary conservation areas

Answer 27

Transboundary protected areas
Parks for peace
Transboundary conservations and developement areas
Transboundary migratory corridors

Question 28

What does transboundary protected areas refer to

Answer 28

refers to an area of land and/or sea that straddles one or more borders between states, sub-national units such as provinces and regions, autonomous areas and/or areas beyond the limit of national sovereignty or jurisdiction, whose constituent parts
Purpose: are especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed co-operatively through legal or other effective means

Question 29

What does transboundary protected areas refer to

Answer 29

refers to an area of land and/or sea that straddles one or more borders between states, sub-national units such as provinces and regions, autonomous areas and/or areas beyond the limit of national sovereignty or jurisdiction, whose constituent parts
Purpose: are especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed co-operatively through legal or other effective means

Question 30

What does parks for peace refer to

Answer 30

Function: promote peace and cooperation alongside protection of biodiversity

Question 31

What does parks for peace refer to

Answer 31

Function: promote peace and cooperation alongside protection of biodiversity

Question 32

Environmental/conservation ethics

Answer 32

Purpose: to preserve naturally occurring biological diversity
Aldo Leopolds philosophy: stating that actions preserving the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community are inherently right, while those that disrupt it are wrong. This ethic values the biological richness of ecosystems, focusing on the variety of species they support, rather than the absolute number of species. (All should be preserved regardless of their size)

The environmental/conservation ethic also recognizes the complex interrelationships within ecosystems, understanding that disturbances can have wide-ranging and sometimes degrading effects. This interconnectedness underscores the importance of maintaining the stability and diversity of natural systems to prevent ecological imbalances and degradation. The political aspect of conservation is also notable, as endangered species often symbolize broader environmental issues, and efforts to protect them can mobilize public support against habitat degradation.

Conservation: not trying prevent natural change but to recognise evolution is a dynamic process and to ensure no part of the nature order is loss due to human activity, with exceptions made in rare and carefully considered circumstances (eradication of disease organisms)

Question 33

Animal right/ human ethic

Answer 33

Purpose: moral consideration of individual organism, particularly those capable of experiencing pain (sentients)
Some argue that sentient animals should not have the same ethical concerns as humans regardless of their ability to reason or communicate-> speciesism. (Human needs> non human sentients)
Same may argue for the right of life, spthey don’t want to cause them pain or death, strat practising vegetarianism
Some may believe in human killing such as euthanasia of homeless pets to prevent suffering from neglect

Question 34

Difference between environmental/ conservation and animal right/ humane ethics

Answer 34

Purpose: holistic, concerned of well being of entire ecosystems species and their interrelationships (env)
Centers on rights and welfare of individuals sentient animals (ani)
Difference in approach to endangered species
Conservation of rare species because of thir scaeidity and intrinsic value of biological diversity-> important for ecosystem health and stability (env)
Conserving endangered species based on their right of individual animals to exist and not suffer due to human actions

Question 35

What are the main incentives for preserving natural ecosystems, endangered species, and wildlife?

Answer 35

Incentives include moral, aesthetic, and economic considerations.

Question 36

What do moral and aesthetic values emphasize in conservation?

Answer 36

They emphasize the intrinsic worth and beauty of nature.

Question 37

How have recent trends highlighted the economic benefits of conservation?

Answer 37

By recognizing the financial value of preserving wildlife and natural resources.

Question 38

What does the animal rights/humane ethic oppose in terms of economic gain?

Answer 38

opposes exploiting sentient animals for economic gain, considering it unjust to treat them as renewable resources.

Question 39

How does the environmental/conservation ethic differ from the animal rights/humane ethic regarding economic exploitation?

Answer 39

allows for humane exploitation of animals with minimal environmental impact, acknowledging economic and political realities.

Question 40

Provide an example of humane economic exploitation that supports conservation

Answer 40

n Papua New Guinea, locals raise and humanely kill wild saltwater crocodiles for their skins, creating an economic incentive to conserve the species.

Question 41

What is the benefit of economic incentives in conservation?

Answer 41

They encourage long-term conservation strategies rather than short-term exploitation.

Question 42

What is the benefit of economic incentives in conservation?

Answer 42

They encourage long-term conservation strategies rather than short-term exploitation.that can cause a xtinctiond

Question 43

Why might purely philosophical arguments be less effective in conservation efforts?

Answer 43

Because the world is driven by politics and economics, especially in developing nations where immediate human needs take precedence.

Question 44

How do economic arguments for species preservation focus on human benefits?

Answer 44

By suggesting that conservation provides material gains for individuals or communities, which can conflict with the view that all sentient beings deserve moral consideration and legal rights.

Question 45

What problem can arise from relying solely on economic arguments for conservation?

Answer 45

Many species might be neglected if they lack immediate economic value, and valuable species can be mismanaged or over-exploited.

Question 46

What do conservationists recognize about economic arguments?

Answer 46

Economic arguments are just one strategy among many needed to preserve biological diversity.

Question 47

Why do some conservationists argue that economic motivations should be grounded in selfish reasoning

Answer 47

Bc people will conserve nature if they foresee personal or communal material gain

Question 48

Q: What does WWF do to support biodiversity conservation through financing?

Answer 48

WWF partners with governments, private industries, communities, and NGOs to develop sustainable financing solutions for conserving valuable natural resources.

Question 49

What are Debt-for-Nature Swaps? plus example

Answer 49

Since 2001, WWF has helped design several debt-for-nature
swap agreements under the Tropical Forest Conservation Act
function:relieve the debt burden of developing countries owed to the U.S. government,
while generating funds in local currency to support tropical forest conservation
activities. Capital raised through debt-for-nature swaps can be applied through
trust funds or foundations specifically set up to channel funding to local
biodiversity conservation
(instead of paying debt to us, country keeps the money to support topical forest conservation)

Question 50

What are Conservation Trust Funds?

Answer 50

rovide sustainable financing that can be used to finance conservation program costs through debt swaps, grants or donations, or other financing mechanisms such as earmarked taxes and fees (sustainable= always having income in) due to nature of trust fund (law) ensures money is going towards conservation

Question 51

How does WWF use Carbon Finance for conservation

Answer 51

WWF
is developing pilot carbon projects (projects to reduce carbon emissions) in Peru, Brazil, Central Africa, Indonesia and
Nepal to capitalize on the rapidly growing potential for carbon finance. We
contribute to these efforts by securing private (from companies) and public financing (government) for carbon
projects and providing technical support to implement carbon finance
mechanisms.
(money used to build thing that reduce carbon emissions after that start mechansims such as carbon credit: about of carbon emissin reduced. can sell to other countries )

Question 52

benefit of carbon finance

Answer 52

WWF believes that carbon finance, if used appropriately, will play a critical role in
reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to biodiversity
conservation, and promoting a range of local economic and social values.

Question 53

What is the purpose of Financing Protected Areas?

Answer 53

WWF works strategically with governments, partners and stakeholders in the field
to secure funding that supports long-term conservation goals of protected areas.
We serve as catalysts to pilot revenue generating mechanisms that attract funding
from different donors and have cost-and-benefit sharing arrangements. Most
protected areas rely on a combination of funding sources, including annual
government budget allocations, grants and donations from individuals,
corporations, foundations, and donor agencies, and user fees and taxes
specifically earmarked to fund protected areas (WWF works with government to get money for conservation)

Question 54

How does WWF generate revenue from tourism for conservation?

Answer 54

WWF sets up financial tools (tickets, taxes) that generate tourism revenues with a triple bottom
line approach to benefit local tourism operators, local communities, and the
environment. The collection of visitor access fees and taxes can help ensure that
a constant stream of revenue can be applied towards preserving ecologically
sensitive areas and supporting local communities. WWF helps to establish user
fees and taxes and fund community-based enterprises in Belize, the Philippines,
the Galápagos Islands, Thailand, and Namibia. (WWF help to get tourism revenues-> ensures constant stream of revenue-> can conserve the place)

Question 55

What are the primary funding sources, grants, and partnerships
that support animal conservation efforts for World Wild Life (WWF)
organization.
3

Answer 55

-debt for nature swaps
-conservation trust finds
-carbon finance
-financing protected areas
-tourism revenues