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animal welfare and conservation > Tooic 4 Pt 2 > Flashcards

Tooic 4 Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lagomorphs

A

They are herbivores that include rabbits, hares eat.

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2
Q

What do rabbits use their sharp teeth for

A

Cut through forage or woody plants
FYI can cut through dry land)

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3
Q

Tell me about the incisors or rabbit teeth

A

They are constantly growing and require the right type of forage diets to maintain the ideal length
If not provided, need to vet to trim them

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4
Q

Tell me about the specialise digestive system of a rabbit

A

They have an organ called the cecum (smith like small intestine) that is filled with anaerobic cellulitis. Bacteria that breaks down cell wall of plants that produce cellulose-> glucose to produce energy for microbes growth-> thus microbes break down fiber to enter the cecum

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5
Q

Why do rabbits need a high fibre diet

A

To maintain a healthy microbial population to main optimum gut health and proper digestion in rabbits

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6
Q

Explain to me hope food travels in rabbits digestive system

A

Materials that have already been digested in small intestine, bypass the cecum and go to large I tetive to be Norma, poop.
The remains portion of partially digested do then tracel to cecum (they don’t go to small intestine at all) where microbial breakdown of fibre takes place -> produce violative fatty acid-> get absorbed throughdecal wall-> provide Energy to rabbit
Other nutrients, amino acid and vitamins get excreted as cecotropes (night faeces)

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7
Q

Why are cecotropes referred to as , night faeces,

A

Cos during cicardian cycyle (takes place at night) motility of rabbits digestive tract changes and cecotropes are formed instead of normal faecal pallets (it slows down)

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8
Q

Why do rabbits eat the cecotropes

A

Cos they contain a rich population of microbes that are able to grow to a larger concentration due to slower motility of digestive tract at night (more time for fermentation)
So cecotropes contain a high amount of crude protein (cos it doesn’t get digested in the cecum) and low amount of fibre (already digested in the cecum)

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9
Q

What is the act of consumption of cecotropes called

A

Cecotrophy

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10
Q

What us the process of eating poop called

A

Coprophagy

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11
Q

Type of diet for rabit

A

Young rabit (less than 1 yr) need higher percentage of crude protein compared to adult
Both need high percentage of crude fibre

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12
Q

Type of food for young rabbit

A

Alfalfa hay: higher amt of calcium and protein (help in growth)
At older age start to add grass hay to help in the transition of gtass hay entirely when they reach maturity
Pallets: dry pallets formulated for youth rabbits (high in protein)
Less petted cos can cause overweight
Free flow

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13
Q

Type of food for adult rabbits

A

Hay: Timothy hay, oat hay , herbal hay
Pallets : specific for adults limit amount of pellets to prevent obesity and encourage hay consumption

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14
Q

How much vegetables can be offered to rabbits

A

Only 1-2 tablespoons
Can cause diarrhoea and gut status (food movements slows down or stops) z

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15
Q

What causes gut stasis

A

Lack of proper diet that can be caused by
Health conditions (dental/ kidney-> reduction in appetite)
Environments stress (new let/ change of environment) -> reduction in appetite
-pain from injuries that discourages eating
-consumption of too much pallets (carbs) but insufficient hay (fibre)

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16
Q

What causes gut statis (low fibre)

A

Insufficient fibre, slow down movement of rabbits digestive tract
Low fibre, changes in ph in digestive tract, favour growth of gas producing bacteria , poruce gas, pain

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17
Q

Clinical signs of gut stasis

A

Lethargy: pain, dont want move
Reduction in appetite
Reduction in stool production (no movement, less eating)

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18
Q

How to diagnose gut stasis

A

Physical exam: lethargic, no gut sound(use stethoscope), painful on abdominal palpitation (squish)
Teeth exam (can be cause by teeth issues)
Diagnostic test: x ray: gas build up in stomach or intestine
Blood test: gut stasis can be caused by kidney/ liver failure disease (no enzymes for digestion)

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19
Q

Describe what outpatient and inpatient for gut stasis looks lile

A

Outpatient(not so severe)
Still eating
Not too dehydrated, blood work is relatively normal
Impatient:
Dehydrate
Lethargic
Not eating pooping
Excessive gas buildup
Be hospitalised

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20
Q

Treatment for gut stasis (outpatient)

A

Meds
May need to use critical care formula for feeding (hydration and fibre)

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21
Q

Treatment for gut stasis (impatient)

A

Injectable/ oral meds
Close monitoring
Repeat of blood test
Pain management
Monitor appetite, stool production
Support feeding
IVFT for dehydration

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22
Q

Where are iv catheter usually placed at

A

Lateral marginal ear vein

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23
Q

How to syringe feed rabies

A

Critical care formula used
Do not feed when rabbit is on its back (cause aspiration)
Ensure it is swallowing constantly

24
Q

How to minimise possibility of gut stasis in rabbits

A

Ensure to feed high fibre diet
Only offer small amounts of pallets/ veg/fruits
Allow rabb ur to roam freely, encourage gut mobility
Look out for signs of gut stasis

25
Q

What is trichobezoar

A

Clump on undigested hair lodged in the GI tract

26
Q

Why is trichobezoars a problem in rabbits

A

Rabbits cannot vomit, trichobezoar becomes stuck and can’t be forcefully removed-> causes build up of gas in stomach

27
Q

How does Gary tic bloat happen in rabbits

A

Cannot vomit, build uk of gas and fluid, fluid starts to go thru fermentation, produce more gas, dilates the stomach

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of gastric bloat

A

Distended abdomen (hangs low)
Decrease, no appetite
Decreased stool production
Reduce in activity level
Hinged posture (due to pain)

29
Q

Diagnosis of gastric bloat

A

Physical exam of abdomen
X ray
Blood test to detect any underlying issues

30
Q

What is the treatment of gastric bloat

A

Fluid replacement via IVFT
Gastric decompression performed under GA : passing a tube through mouth and stomach-> draw fluid and gas using big syringe
If cannot, surgery

31
Q

What is the nutritional consideration when recovering from gastric bloat

A

They tend to be weak and uninterested in food-> syringe feeding of critical care (small amount)

32
Q

Why does dental disease occur in rabbits

A

Teeth grow abnormally long/ grow in wrong direction
Improper diet-> no normal wear and tear of teeth

33
Q

Clinical sign of dental disease

A

Pain and discomfort (no eat-> gut stasis)
Part of jaw may be swollen (tooth root abscess) (teeth pierce through gum-> bac enter-> abscess) pain when palpated

34
Q

Management of dental disease

A

Syringe feed of critical care
Offer soaked pallet/ soft diet
Manage secondary gut stasis
Surgery after rabbits health so restored (extraction, file down)

35
Q

How does dental procedure occur

A

Require GA

36
Q

What are the different kind of dental procedure

A

Dental related facial absesss can be mandible or maxillary (top)
Marsupialization (surgery site left open and structure place to prevent wound from closing, allows cleaning and drainage of wound)

37
Q

Recovery of dental diseas

A

Syringe feed of critical care every 4-6 hrs
Meds (pain relief anti bac)

38
Q

How to minimise possible occurs ge of dental disease in rabbits

A

Offer appropriate diet-> encourage natural grinding down of teeth
Regular health check ups at vet (early detection of dental disease)
Monitor rabbits appetite, stool production on regular basis
Bring rabbit in for regular incisor trim if they tend to overgrown

39
Q

When happens when Guinea pigs teeth overgrow

A

Ulcers, discourage eating, secondary health issues such as gut stasis

40
Q

What is special about Guinea pig dietary needs

A

80% hay rest is pallets and small amounts of veg and fruits
Cannnot produce their own vitamin C , need vitamin c supplements (important got hrs,thu join skin and immunity)

41
Q

How much fresh food and veggie should be given to Guinea pig

A

1-2 tablespoon prefer type of veggie high in vitamin c

42
Q

How much treats to give Guinea pigs

A

2-4 treats daily
Too much affects their overall gut health, o easily

43
Q

Signs of gut stasis in Guinea pigs

A

Same as rabbit plus
Grunting and grinding of teeth ( in pain)

44
Q

Is blood test routinely done on Guinea pigs to test for underlying issues when they have gut stasis

A

No, they have small build

45
Q

What happens during dental disease in Guinea pigs and treatment

A

Keep growing cause ulcers, may cause restriction of movement of tongue
Treatment: trimming of incisirs , if affects molars must use GA to file down the affected teeth

46
Q

effects of nutrional deficeincy in birds

A

Poor integument quality: flaky beaks and scaly skin plus softening of the
claws and beak allowing overgrowth
 Poor plumage, both in form and colour
 Delayed or incomplete moult
 Convulsions or muscular weakness
 Lethargy and inability to fly

47
Q

why is commercial seed diet not the best diet for birds

A

Birds kept as pets are often offered millet seeds or sunflower seeds
ONLY
 High in fats
 Low in calcium
 Lack of vitamins
 Risk of spoilt seeds due to improper storage
 Birds can get ‘addicted’ to it

48
Q

what is the issue with supplemented seed diet

A

onsists of seed mixes
 Variety of seeds (millets, sorghum, milo, safflower seeds, sunflower
seeds, etc)
 Generally have bits and pieces of dried fruits and small amount of
pellets
 Looks appealing (to human)
 Birds will generally pick out the high-energy foods (seeds and sugar-
loaded dried fruits) and leave the pellets behind

49
Q

what should buk of a bird diet incluse

A

pallets

50
Q

why is bird pallet better

A

ormulated and balanced for the species
 Different formulas for the different species of birds
 Insectivore pellets for insectivorous birds
 Frugivore (raw fruits, succulent fuit-like produce) pellets for Eclectus
parrots
 Nectar pellets for Rainbow lorikeets
 Best option to form the bulk of the diet (no need for supplements)
 Natural colour (uniform brown/green) vs colourful pellets
 Birds can see colours so may be more appealing to get colourful pellets
 Colouring = harmful?

51
Q

why should fresh food be given to birds

A

Provides Vitamin A!
 Insects like mealworms (if not part of the diet) can be provided as
occasional enrichment

52
Q

tips on offerring fresh fruit to birds

A
  • offer evryday
    different
    introduce new ones
    cremove pesticide and wash food
53
Q

should supplyments be used

A

only is diet is not well balanced
breeding birds: need clacium to prevent egg binding and other related conditions
young/old birds: to boost their immune system

54
Q

some tips when givinf supplements to birds

A

direct disong
impracital for large number of birds
dosing in fresh chop is 2nd best
dosing in water in useless

55
Q

tips of givinf treats tobirds

A

o just provide a maximum of 2 small pieces of treats per day, relative
to the size of the bird
 Provide it only during training to enhance the trained behaviour
 Select natural treats instead of commercialized, processed treats
 Fruits such as blueberries, mangoes, strawberries
 Nuts such as walnuts, Brazilian nuts, macademia nuts

56
Q

feeding chicks

A

specialsied formulas
younger-> more diluted
Day 1-2: 1:6 / 10-12 times day
 Day 3-4: 1:5 / 6-8 times a day
 Day 5-6: 1:4 / 4-6 times a day
 Day 7 onwards: 1:2 -1:3 / at
least 4 times a day
temp: 39-41
more than 42: crop burn
preffer to have crop be around 5 percent full in between each feeding
allow crop to clear at least once a day

57
Q

tips for weaning birds

A

Provide pieces of foods in its enclosure to encourage nibbling (exploring
with their beak)
 Once nibbling and ingestion have been observed, slowly cut down on
the number of feeds per day
 Monitor weight daily before feeding to ensure there is no massive weight
loss
allow then to try differnt food and different sizes

animal welfare and conservation (8 decks)

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