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animal welfare and conservation > Tooic 4 Pt 2 > Flashcards

Tooic 4 Pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lagomorphs

A

They are herbivores that include rabbits, hares eat.

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2
Q

What do rabbits use their sharp teeth for

A

Cut through forage or woody plants
FYI can cut through dry land)

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3
Q

Tell me about the incisors or rabbit teeth

A

They are constantly growing and require the right type of forage diets to maintain the ideal length
If not provided, need to vet to trim them

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4
Q

Tell me about the specialise digestive system of a rabbit

A

They have an organ called the cecum (smith like small intestine) that is filled with anaerobic cellulitis. Bacteria that breaks down cell wall of plants that produce cellulose-> glucose to produce energy for microbes growth-> thus microbes break down fiber to enter the cecum

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5
Q

Why do rabbits need a high fibre diet

A

To maintain a healthy microbial population to main optimum gut health and proper digestion in rabbits

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6
Q

Explain to me hope food travels in rabbits digestive system

A

Materials that have already been digested in small intestine, bypass the cecum and go to large I tetive to be Norma, poop.
The remains portion of partially digested do then tracel to cecum (they don’t go to small intestine at all) where microbial breakdown of fibre takes place -> produce violative fatty acid-> get absorbed throughdecal wall-> provide Energy to rabbit
Other nutrients, amino acid and vitamins get excreted as cecotropes (night faeces)

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7
Q

Why are cecotropes referred to as , night faeces,

A

Cos during cicardian cycyle (takes place at night) motility of rabbits digestive tract changes and cecotropes are formed instead of normal faecal pallets (it slows down)

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8
Q

Why do rabbits eat the cecotropes

A

Cos they contain a rich population of microbes that are able to grow to a larger concentration due to slower motility of digestive tract at night (more time for fermentation)
So cecotropes contain a high amount of crude protein (cos it doesn’t get digested in the cecum) and low amount of fibre (already digested in the cecum)

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9
Q

What is the act of consumption of cecotropes called

A

Cecotrophy

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10
Q

What us the process of eating poop called

A

Coprophagy

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11
Q

Type of diet for rabit

A

Young rabit (less than 1 yr) need higher percentage of crude protein compared to adult
Both need high percentage of crude fibre

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12
Q

Type of food for young rabbit

A

Alfalfa hay: higher amt of calcium and protein (help in growth)
At older age start to add grass hay to help in the transition of gtass hay entirely when they reach maturity
Pallets: dry pallets formulated for youth rabbits (high in protein)
Less petted cos can cause overweight
Free flow

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13
Q

Type of food for adult rabbits

A

Hay: Timothy hay, oat hay , herbal hay
Pallets : specific for adults limit amount of pellets to prevent obesity and encourage hay consumption

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14
Q

How much vegetables can be offered to rabbits

A

Only 1-2 tablespoons
Can cause diarrhoea and gut status (food movements slows down or stops) z

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15
Q

What causes gut stasis

A

Lack of proper diet that can be caused by
Health conditions (dental/ kidney-> reduction in appetite)
Environments stress (new let/ change of environment) -> reduction in appetite
-pain from injuries that discourages eating
-consumption of too much pallets (carbs) but insufficient hay (fibre)

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16
Q

What causes gut statis (low fibre)

A

Insufficient fibre, slow down movement of rabbits digestive tract
Low fibre, changes in ph in digestive tract, favour growth of gas producing bacteria , poruce gas, pain

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17
Q

Clinical signs of gut stasis

A

Lethargy: pain, dont want move
Reduction in appetite
Reduction in stool production (no movement, less eating)

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18
Q

How to diagnose gut stasis

A

Physical exam: lethargic, no gut sound(use stethoscope), painful on abdominal palpitation (squish)
Teeth exam (can be cause by teeth issues)
Diagnostic test: x ray: gas build up in stomach or intestine
Blood test: gut stasis can be caused by kidney/ liver failure disease (no enzymes for digestion)

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19
Q

Describe what outpatient and inpatient for gut stasis looks lile

A

Outpatient(not so severe)
Still eating
Not too dehydrated, blood work is relatively normal
Impatient:
Dehydrate
Lethargic
Not eating pooping
Excessive gas buildup
Be hospitalised

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20
Q

Treatment for gut stasis (outpatient)

A

Meds
May need to use critical care formula for feeding (hydration and fibre)

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21
Q

Treatment for gut stasis (impatient)

A

Injectable/ oral meds
Close monitoring
Repeat of blood test
Pain management
Monitor appetite, stool production
Support feeding
IVFT for dehydration

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22
Q

Where are iv catheter usually placed at

A

Lateral marginal ear vein

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23
Q

How to syringe feed rabies

A

Critical care formula used
Do not feed when rabbit is on its back (cause aspiration)
Ensure it is swallowing constantly

24
Q

How to minimise possibility of gut stasis in rabbits

A

Ensure to feed high fibre diet
Only offer small amounts of pallets/ veg/fruits
Allow rabb ur to roam freely, encourage gut mobility
Look out for signs of gut stasis

25
What is trichobezoar
Clump on undigested hair lodged in the GI tract
26
Why is trichobezoars a problem in rabbits
Rabbits cannot vomit, trichobezoar becomes stuck and can’t be forcefully removed-> causes build up of gas in stomach
27
How does Gary tic bloat happen in rabbits
Cannot vomit, build uk of gas and fluid, fluid starts to go thru fermentation, produce more gas, dilates the stomach
28
What are the clinical signs of gastric bloat
Distended abdomen (hangs low) Decrease, no appetite Decreased stool production Reduce in activity level Hinged posture (due to pain)
29
Diagnosis of gastric bloat
Physical exam of abdomen X ray Blood test to detect any underlying issues
30
What is the treatment of gastric bloat
Fluid replacement via IVFT Gastric decompression performed under GA : passing a tube through mouth and stomach-> draw fluid and gas using big syringe If cannot, surgery
31
What is the nutritional consideration when recovering from gastric bloat
They tend to be weak and uninterested in food-> syringe feeding of critical care (small amount)
32
Why does dental disease occur in rabbits
Teeth grow abnormally long/ grow in wrong direction Improper diet-> no normal wear and tear of teeth
33
Clinical sign of dental disease
Pain and discomfort (no eat-> gut stasis) Part of jaw may be swollen (tooth root abscess) (teeth pierce through gum-> bac enter-> abscess) pain when palpated
34
Management of dental disease
Syringe feed of critical care Offer soaked pallet/ soft diet Manage secondary gut stasis Surgery after rabbits health so restored (extraction, file down)
35
How does dental procedure occur
Require GA
36
What are the different kind of dental procedure
Dental related facial absesss can be mandible or maxillary (top) Marsupialization (surgery site left open and structure place to prevent wound from closing, allows cleaning and drainage of wound)
37
Recovery of dental diseas
Syringe feed of critical care every 4-6 hrs Meds (pain relief anti bac)
38
How to minimise possible occurs ge of dental disease in rabbits
Offer appropriate diet-> encourage natural grinding down of teeth Regular health check ups at vet (early detection of dental disease) Monitor rabbits appetite, stool production on regular basis Bring rabbit in for regular incisor trim if they tend to overgrown
39
When happens when Guinea pigs teeth overgrow
Ulcers, discourage eating, secondary health issues such as gut stasis
40
What is special about Guinea pig dietary needs
80% hay rest is pallets and small amounts of veg and fruits Cannnot produce their own vitamin C , need vitamin c supplements (important got hrs,thu join skin and immunity)
41
How much fresh food and veggie should be given to Guinea pig
1-2 tablespoon prefer type of veggie high in vitamin c
42
How much treats to give Guinea pigs
2-4 treats daily Too much affects their overall gut health, o easily
43
Signs of gut stasis in Guinea pigs
Same as rabbit plus Grunting and grinding of teeth ( in pain)
44
Is blood test routinely done on Guinea pigs to test for underlying issues when they have gut stasis
No, they have small build
45
What happens during dental disease in Guinea pigs and treatment
Keep growing cause ulcers, may cause restriction of movement of tongue Treatment: trimming of incisirs , if affects molars must use GA to file down the affected teeth
46
effects of nutrional deficeincy in birds
Poor integument quality: flaky beaks and scaly skin plus softening of the claws and beak allowing overgrowth  Poor plumage, both in form and colour  Delayed or incomplete moult  Convulsions or muscular weakness  Lethargy and inability to fly
47
why is commercial seed diet not the best diet for birds
Birds kept as pets are often offered millet seeds or sunflower seeds ONLY  High in fats  Low in calcium  Lack of vitamins  Risk of spoilt seeds due to improper storage  Birds can get ‘addicted’ to it
48
what is the issue with supplemented seed diet
onsists of seed mixes  Variety of seeds (millets, sorghum, milo, safflower seeds, sunflower seeds, etc)  Generally have bits and pieces of dried fruits and small amount of pellets  Looks appealing (to human)  Birds will generally pick out the high-energy foods (seeds and sugar- loaded dried fruits) and leave the pellets behind
49
what should buk of a bird diet incluse
pallets
50
why is bird pallet better
ormulated and balanced for the species  Different formulas for the different species of birds  Insectivore pellets for insectivorous birds  Frugivore (raw fruits, succulent fuit-like produce) pellets for Eclectus parrots  Nectar pellets for Rainbow lorikeets  Best option to form the bulk of the diet (no need for supplements)  Natural colour (uniform brown/green) vs colourful pellets  Birds can see colours so may be more appealing to get colourful pellets  Colouring = harmful?
51
why should fresh food be given to birds
Provides Vitamin A!  Insects like mealworms (if not part of the diet) can be provided as occasional enrichment
52
tips on offerring fresh fruit to birds
- offer evryday different introduce new ones cremove pesticide and wash food
53
should supplyments be used
only is diet is not well balanced breeding birds: need clacium to prevent egg binding and other related conditions young/old birds: to boost their immune system
54
some tips when givinf supplements to birds
direct disong impracital for large number of birds dosing in fresh chop is 2nd best dosing in water in useless
55
tips of givinf treats tobirds
o just provide a maximum of 2 small pieces of treats per day, relative to the size of the bird  Provide it only during training to enhance the trained behaviour  Select natural treats instead of commercialized, processed treats  Fruits such as blueberries, mangoes, strawberries  Nuts such as walnuts, Brazilian nuts, macademia nuts
56
feeding chicks
specialsied formulas younger-> more diluted Day 1-2: 1:6 / 10-12 times day  Day 3-4: 1:5 / 6-8 times a day  Day 5-6: 1:4 / 4-6 times a day  Day 7 onwards: 1:2 -1:3 / at least 4 times a day temp: 39-41 more than 42: crop burn preffer to have crop be around 5 percent full in between each feeding allow crop to clear at least once a day
57
tips for weaning birds
Provide pieces of foods in its enclosure to encourage nibbling (exploring with their beak)  Once nibbling and ingestion have been observed, slowly cut down on the number of feeds per day  Monitor weight daily before feeding to ensure there is no massive weight loss allow then to try differnt food and different sizes

animal welfare and conservation (8 decks)

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