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animal welfare and conservation > topic 4: animal nutrition > Flashcards

topic 4: animal nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is gross energy

A

Refers to the total amount of potential
energy contained within a diet

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2
Q

what is digestible energy

A

energy available from a food when it
has been absorbed into the body after digestion

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3
Q

what is metabolizable energy

A

is the energy ultimately used by the
body tissues.

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4
Q

how to calculate ME

A

ME (kcal/kg) = (GE-FE-UE)/food consumed(kg),
* where GE= Gross energy.

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5
Q

what are the different ways that ME can be determined

A

-feeding trials
-math calculations
-data form other species

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6
Q

how does the feeling trial method determine GE

A

-record amount of food eaten
-determine amount of energy in the feaces and urine
- use formula

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7
Q

what are the requirement for feeding trial

A

-minimum 8 animals, >1 yr
-feed test diet for 26 weeks
-amount of food consumed is measured and recorded daily
-body weight recorded at sat, weekly
-physical exam by vet

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8
Q

formual for the mathematical calculation to calculate for ME

A

ME = (P x 3.5*) + (F x 8.5^) + (C x 3.5#)
P/f/C+ mass of food out of 100g

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9
Q

what is energy density

A

Refers to the number of calories provided in a given weight or
volume. E.g., kcal.kg

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10
Q

how to ensure energy balance

A

energy intake= energy expenditure

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11
Q

what is resting energy requirement (RER)

A

Energy requirement for a normal animal at rest in a thermoneutral
environment, awake but not fasted

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12
Q

what is daily energy requirement (DER)

A

Energy required for average daily activity of any animal, dependent
on lifestyle and activity. Includes energy necessary for work,
gestation, lactation, growth and to maintain normal body
temperature.

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13
Q

formula to calculate for RER

A

70 (BW) ^0.75

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14
Q

formual to calculate DER

A

RER x a factor

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15
Q

what does excess energy intake of large breeds of dogs cause

A

-osteochondrosis
-hip dysplasia
-obeasity
-diabetes
-pancreatits

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16
Q

what does inadaquate enrgy intake cause dog

A

-reduced growth rate
-poor developement
-weight loss-muscle wastage

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17
Q

what is palatability affected by

A

appetite,
behaviour, taste, smell, size, shape
and texture

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18
Q

how to increase palatability of food

A

-smaller pieces
-warm to 35 degrees
-adding meat/fat

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19
Q

what are the three different forms of food

A

dry,moist, semi-moist

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20
Q

how is dry food made + adv/disadv

A

-contains 10%-14% of moisure
made by combining ingredients and cooking at 150 degrees
-process makes food digestible, destroys toxins and steralises products
Also adds fat during drying to enhance palatability
adv: cheap, no need refrigeration, massage of teeth and gums to decrease periodental diseases

21
Q

how is moist food made + adv/disadv

A

-contains 68%-78% of moisture
0 blending of meat, fat and other ingredients
-heated and pressure cooked
-sealed in cans
adv: long shelf life, high palatability
dis: expensive

22
Q

how is semi-moist food made + adv/disadv

A

-contains 25%-40% of mositure
-composed of meat and cereal which is cooked to a paste and extruded into small shaped pieces
-no need to refrigerate
adv: convinience
high digestibility and palatability
dis: expensive

23
Q

how to conduct guaranteed analysis

A

calculate dry mater (removal of water)

24
Q

what are the four stages of life that food manufacturers recognise

A

-growth (puppy)
-maintaninece (young-middle aged adults)
-gestation/lactation (reproductive females)
-older(seniors)

25
Q

why do we feed dogs as omnivores

A

-eating behaviour: in the wild they eat animals and berries
-tooth structure: both canine and molar teeth
-small intestine: similar to omnivores (ratio of digestive tract length to total body length is similar to omnivores)
-digestive phsycology:able to synthesize nutrients from building
blocks better than carnivores (omni have longer intestines-> breakdown more)

26
Q

nutrition needs during growth stage ( first 3-4 weeks) of dogs

A

-all needs are met by mothers milk
-after weaning, they shud be fed growth formulation until about 75% of adult weight, no supplements needed

27
Q

nutrition needed during growth stage in dogs (start after weaning, end by 6-8 weeks)

A

-introduced soft diets, then gradually decrease moisture content
- 3 X RER from weaning till 4 months old
from four month to afult, feed 2 X RER
- up to 10 weeks old, 4-5 meals a day
-until 50% of weight, 3 meals
-2 meals
adult weight: 1 meal
-ad libitum feeding is not reccomended from growing dogs-> tend to overeat

28
Q

what are the essencial fatty acid in dogs

A

-lonoleic
-a-linoleic
-arachidonic
In dogs, arachidonic acid can be synthesis’s from linoleic acid (cannot in cats)

29
Q

what are the defficency of EFA in dogs

A

-developement problems and growing desformaties
-case dry coat and scaly skin (increase in skin infection)
-imparied wound healing
-impaired reproductive effecincy

30
Q

what are the results of overcomsumption of fat

A

-obeasity
-pancreatitis-> decrease production of enzymes-> malabsorption (eg insulin, insufficent absorption of excess glucose)

31
Q

nutrition need during gestation for dogs

A

feed as a average: normal adult for the first 42 days (avoid over feeding can cause obesity and problems at whelping)
last 21 days: 3 X RER
third trimester: devide ration into several small meals-> stomach holds smaller amount

32
Q

nutrition needs during lactation for dogs

A

-at peak lactation,(3-4 weeks after welping): 4-8 x RER
after separation form puppies: half her maintainence, increase slowly back to normal maintainece level

33
Q

nutrition need for geriatric dog

A

they are susceptible to heart diease and obeasity
-20% less MER compared to younger adult of equal weight ( low BMR and physical activity)
-reduce total energy intake, not amt of food (removes esssencial vitamins, nutrients)
-protein should be highly digestible/ high biological value
-restric sodium/ phosphorus) cardiac, renal disease)

34
Q

Rationale for cats to be classified as carnivores

A
  • eating behaviour (in the wild they eat small mammals, insects)
  • hunting ability( excellent eyesight and hearing for hunting)
  • anatomical adaptation: claws: retractable to make less noise when stalking
    Teeth: fewer molars than dogs
    Digestive: lack salivary amylase , short digexstive tract (cannot breaks down carbs)
35
Q

What us the feline nutritional uniqueness

A
  • limited availing to use large amounts of carb cos lack slalivary amylas
  • need 2 x more protein than dogs ( due to nitrogen catabolic enzymes in the liver functioning at a very high rate regardless of the diet protein content ) need to have enough protein to keep up with the enzymes
36
Q

What are the three essential FA needed in cats

A

. Arachidonic (for CNS developement)
Linoleic (for normal skin and coat)

Require 4 x amt of vitamin B3 and B6 compared to dogs

37
Q

Nutritional need at growth stage for cats

A

-most rapid during first 6 months
First two weeks: mothers milk
3-4 weeks: intorduce semi solid specially formulated food
Daily energy intake after weaning: 2.5 X RER
-small multiple feeds throughout the day
After 6 months: two times a day

38
Q

Why do Siamese cats have different nutritional needs

A

High protein, low fat
Small bone structure, short coat , light weight
Siamese tent to seize their either by using their tongue or teeth -> eat very fast so they need a different kibble size; shape and texture so slow ingestion and promote crushing, promoting oral hygiene

39
Q

What do main coons have different nutritional needs

A

Higher fat
Abt the cat: giant, like to hunt , playful need big area
Need enough room to express themselves freely

40
Q

Why do Persians need different nutritional needs

A
  • have brachycephalic (flat) facial characteristics and will tend to use their lower sides of their tongue to pick up kibble
  • almond shaped kibble is easier for them to eat
    They are 2.5 times more likely to development calcium xoxalate crystals-> diet should promote an alkaline urinary ph
    Have long coat-> food should promote Beaty skin and coat
41
Q

Nutritional needs during gestation period for cats

A

At the end of third week, Queen would have gained almost 20% of the extra weight that she will carry to full term
At breeding: 1.6 X RER, gradually increase to 2X at parturition( giving birth)
Food intake peaks at 7-8 weeks of gestation
Ad libitum is acceptable, don’t usually overeat

42
Q

What is the difference between cat and dog during gestation

A

In cats; only 40% of the extra weight gained is lost, remaining is lost during lactation
In dogs, 100% lost

43
Q

Nutritional needs during lactation

A

At peak lactation: 4 X RER (provide 2- 6x depending on number of kittens)
Ad libitum feeding is preferred to allow queen to regulate her energy intake
Normal for queen to loose weight during lactation as her reserves are used up
After food allowance for queen can be reduced gradually to her normal amount

44
Q

Nutritional needs for geriatric cats

A

feed high in protein, energy dense for maintaninece, protein should be high quality
- moderate restriction dietary proteins and dietary phosphorus when cats have renal failure

45
Q

What are the different feeding methods

A

Free choice
Meal fed
Time restricted

46
Q

Advantages amd disadvantage of free choice feeding method

A

Convenient
Ensures adaquate availability of food
Mimics natural feeding behaviour
Dis: overeating causing obesity
Difficult to monitor appetite and food intake
Moist food may spoil
Less owner contact

47
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of meal fed method

A

Adv: enhance human animal bond
Facilitate monitoring g and petite of food intake
Enclave control of food r intake
Early detection of altered appetite
Better control of weight
Dis: les convenient , more labour (eg sick)
Large meals may result in vomitting
Require accurate calculation of amt of food

48
Q

Time restriction feeding method advantages and disadvantages

A

Adv: allow some monitoring of appetite
Allow some control of amount fed
Dis :
More labour intensive
Inaccurate control of food intake (if time up, myself not finish)
Risk of o easily if animal overeats

49
Q

How to feed orphaned puppy and kittens

A

Ideal: cross foster (bring baby to lactating mothers)
Constant warms, incubator or heating pad
Stimulate urinattiona no edefecation by applying a piece of damp cotton wool or running damp forefinger along the abdominal wall
After 16-21 days no need anymore
After 28 days: can regulate their own body temp start exploring
Do not use cow, got milk, use commercially prepared milk substitutes
38 degrees milk, small feed 4 times a day (syringe or bottle) slowly
After 3-4 weeks: introduction to solid food ( can mix baby food with milk substitute)

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