topic 4: animal nutrition

Question 1

what is gross energy

Answer 1

Refers to the total amount of potential
energy contained within a diet

Question 2

what is digestible energy

Answer 2

energy available from a food when it
has been absorbed into the body after digestion

Question 3

what is metabolizable energy

Answer 3

is the energy ultimately used by the
body tissues.

Question 4

how to calculate ME

Answer 4

ME (kcal/kg) = (GE-FE-UE)/food consumed(kg),
* where GE= Gross energy.

Question 5

what are the different ways that ME can be determined

Answer 5

-feeding trials
-math calculations
-data form other species

Question 6

how does the feeling trial method determine GE

Answer 6

-record amount of food eaten
-determine amount of energy in the feaces and urine
- use formula

Question 7

what are the requirement for feeding trial

Answer 7

-minimum 8 animals, >1 yr
-feed test diet for 26 weeks
-amount of food consumed is measured and recorded daily
-body weight recorded at sat, weekly
-physical exam by vet

Question 8

formual for the mathematical calculation to calculate for ME

Answer 8

ME = (P x 3.5*) + (F x 8.5^) + (C x 3.5#)
P/f/C+ mass of food out of 100g

Question 9

what is energy density

Answer 9

Refers to the number of calories provided in a given weight or
volume. E.g., kcal.kg

Question 10

how to ensure energy balance

Answer 10

energy intake= energy expenditure

Question 11

what is resting energy requirement (RER)

Answer 11

Energy requirement for a normal animal at rest in a thermoneutral
environment, awake but not fasted

Question 12

what is daily energy requirement (DER)

Answer 12

Energy required for average daily activity of any animal, dependent
on lifestyle and activity. Includes energy necessary for work,
gestation, lactation, growth and to maintain normal body
temperature.

Question 13

formula to calculate for RER

Answer 13

70 (BW) ^0.75

Question 14

formual to calculate DER

Answer 14

RER x a factor

Question 15

what does excess energy intake of large breeds of dogs cause

Answer 15

-osteochondrosis
-hip dysplasia
-obeasity
-diabetes
-pancreatits

Question 16

what does inadaquate enrgy intake cause dog

Answer 16

-reduced growth rate
-poor developement
-weight loss-muscle wastage

Question 17

what is palatability affected by

Answer 17

appetite,
behaviour, taste, smell, size, shape
and texture

Question 18

how to increase palatability of food

Answer 18

-smaller pieces
-warm to 35 degrees
-adding meat/fat

Question 19

what are the three different forms of food

Answer 19

dry,moist, semi-moist

Question 20

how is dry food made + adv/disadv

Answer 20

-contains 10%-14% of moisure
made by combining ingredients and cooking at 150 degrees
-process makes food digestible, destroys toxins and steralises products
Also adds fat during drying to enhance palatability
adv: cheap, no need refrigeration, massage of teeth and gums to decrease periodental diseases

Question 21

how is moist food made + adv/disadv

Answer 21

-contains 68%-78% of moisture
0 blending of meat, fat and other ingredients
-heated and pressure cooked
-sealed in cans
adv: long shelf life, high palatability
dis: expensive

Question 22

how is semi-moist food made + adv/disadv

Answer 22

-contains 25%-40% of mositure
-composed of meat and cereal which is cooked to a paste and extruded into small shaped pieces
-no need to refrigerate
adv: convinience
high digestibility and palatability
dis: expensive

Question 23

how to conduct guaranteed analysis

Answer 23

calculate dry mater (removal of water)

Question 24

what are the four stages of life that food manufacturers recognise

Answer 24

-growth (puppy)
-maintaninece (young-middle aged adults)
-gestation/lactation (reproductive females)
-older(seniors)

Question 25

why do we feed dogs as omnivores

Answer 25

-eating behaviour: in the wild they eat animals and berries -tooth structure: both canine and molar teeth -small intestine: similar to omnivores (ratio of digestive tract length to total body length is similar to omnivores) -digestive phsycology:able to synthesize nutrients from building blocks better than carnivores (omni have longer intestines-> breakdown more)

Question 26

nutrition needs during growth stage ( first 3-4 weeks) of dogs

Answer 26

-all needs are met by mothers milk -after weaning, they shud be fed growth formulation until about 75% of adult weight, no supplements needed

Question 27

nutrition needed during growth stage in dogs (start after weaning, end by 6-8 weeks)

Answer 27

-introduced soft diets, then gradually decrease moisture content - 3 X RER from weaning till 4 months old from four month to afult, feed 2 X RER - up to 10 weeks old, 4-5 meals a day -until 50% of weight, 3 meals -2 meals adult weight: 1 meal -ad libitum feeding is not reccomended from growing dogs-> tend to overeat

Question 28

what are the essencial fatty acid in dogs

Answer 28

-lonoleic -a-linoleic -arachidonic In dogs, arachidonic acid can be synthesis’s from linoleic acid (cannot in cats)

Question 29

what are the defficency of EFA in dogs

Answer 29

-developement problems and growing desformaties -case dry coat and scaly skin (increase in skin infection) -imparied wound healing -impaired reproductive effecincy

Question 30

what are the results of overcomsumption of fat

Answer 30

-obeasity -pancreatitis-> decrease production of enzymes-> malabsorption (eg insulin, insufficent absorption of excess glucose)

Question 31

nutrition need during gestation for dogs

Answer 31

feed as a average: normal adult for the first 42 days (avoid over feeding can cause obesity and problems at whelping) last 21 days: 3 X RER third trimester: devide ration into several small meals-> stomach holds smaller amount

Question 32

nutrition needs during lactation for dogs

Answer 32

-at peak lactation,(3-4 weeks after welping): 4-8 x RER after separation form puppies: half her maintainence, increase slowly back to normal maintainece level

Question 33

nutrition need for geriatric dog

Answer 33

they are susceptible to heart diease and obeasity -20% less MER compared to younger adult of equal weight ( low BMR and physical activity) -reduce total energy intake, not amt of food (removes esssencial vitamins, nutrients) -protein should be highly digestible/ high biological value -restric sodium/ phosphorus) cardiac, renal disease)

Question 34

Rationale for cats to be classified as carnivores

Answer 34

- eating behaviour (in the wild they eat small mammals, insects) - hunting ability( excellent eyesight and hearing for hunting) - anatomical adaptation: claws: retractable to make less noise when stalking Teeth: fewer molars than dogs Digestive: lack salivary amylase , short digexstive tract (cannot breaks down carbs)

Question 35

What us the feline nutritional uniqueness

Answer 35

- limited availing to use large amounts of carb cos lack slalivary amylas - need 2 x more protein than dogs ( due to nitrogen catabolic enzymes in the liver functioning at a very high rate regardless of the diet protein content ) need to have enough protein to keep up with the enzymes

Question 36

What are the three essential FA needed in cats

Answer 36

. Arachidonic (for CNS developement) Linoleic (for normal skin and coat) Require 4 x amt of vitamin B3 and B6 compared to dogs

Question 37

Nutritional need at growth stage for cats

Answer 37

-most rapid during first 6 months First two weeks: mothers milk 3-4 weeks: intorduce semi solid specially formulated food Daily energy intake after weaning: 2.5 X RER -small multiple feeds throughout the day After 6 months: two times a day

Question 38

Why do Siamese cats have different nutritional needs

Answer 38

High protein, low fat Small bone structure, short coat , light weight Siamese tent to seize their either by using their tongue or teeth -> eat very fast so they need a different kibble size; shape and texture so slow ingestion and promote crushing, promoting oral hygiene

Question 39

What do main coons have different nutritional needs

Answer 39

Higher fat Abt the cat: giant, like to hunt , playful need big area Need enough room to express themselves freely

Question 40

Why do Persians need different nutritional needs

Answer 40

- have brachycephalic (flat) facial characteristics and will tend to use their lower sides of their tongue to pick up kibble - almond shaped kibble is easier for them to eat They are 2.5 times more likely to development calcium xoxalate crystals-> diet should promote an alkaline urinary ph Have long coat-> food should promote Beaty skin and coat

Question 41

Nutritional needs during gestation period for cats

Answer 41

At the end of third week, Queen would have gained almost 20% of the extra weight that she will carry to full term At breeding: 1.6 X RER, gradually increase to 2X at parturition( giving birth) Food intake peaks at 7-8 weeks of gestation Ad libitum is acceptable, don’t usually overeat

Question 42

What is the difference between cat and dog during gestation

Answer 42

In cats; only 40% of the extra weight gained is lost, remaining is lost during lactation In dogs, 100% lost

Question 43

Nutritional needs during lactation

Answer 43

At peak lactation: 4 X RER (provide 2- 6x depending on number of kittens) Ad libitum feeding is preferred to allow queen to regulate her energy intake Normal for queen to loose weight during lactation as her reserves are used up After food allowance for queen can be reduced gradually to her normal amount

Question 44

Nutritional needs for geriatric cats

Answer 44

feed high in protein, energy dense for maintaninece, protein should be high quality - moderate restriction dietary proteins and dietary phosphorus when cats have renal failure

Question 45

What are the different feeding methods

Answer 45

Free choice Meal fed Time restricted

Question 46

Advantages amd disadvantage of free choice feeding method

Answer 46

Convenient Ensures adaquate availability of food Mimics natural feeding behaviour Dis: overeating causing obesity Difficult to monitor appetite and food intake Moist food may spoil Less owner contact

Question 47

Advantages and disadvantages of meal fed method

Answer 47

Adv: enhance human animal bond Facilitate monitoring g and petite of food intake Enclave control of food r intake Early detection of altered appetite Better control of weight Dis: les convenient , more labour (eg sick) Large meals may result in vomitting Require accurate calculation of amt of food

Question 48

Time restriction feeding method advantages and disadvantages

Answer 48

Adv: allow some monitoring of appetite Allow some control of amount fed Dis : More labour intensive Inaccurate control of food intake (if time up, myself not finish) Risk of o easily if animal overeats

Question 49

How to feed orphaned puppy and kittens

Answer 49

Ideal: cross foster (bring baby to lactating mothers) Constant warms, incubator or heating pad Stimulate urinattiona no edefecation by applying a piece of damp cotton wool or running damp forefinger along the abdominal wall After 16-21 days no need anymore After 28 days: can regulate their own body temp start exploring Do not use cow, got milk, use commercially prepared milk substitutes 38 degrees milk, small feed 4 times a day (syringe or bottle) slowly After 3-4 weeks: introduction to solid food ( can mix baby food with milk substitute)