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Biology 101 > Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control & Homeostatsis > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control & Homeostatsis Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemical Messenger
  • Stimulates a process to occur
  • Secreted by glands
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2
Q

Endocrine Glands:

A
  • Pituitary Gland (Brain)
  • Thyroid Gland (Throat)
  • Pancreas (Centre of Bod)
  • Adrenal Gland (On top of Kidneys)
  • Testes
  • Ovaries
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3
Q

How Hormones are Transported:

A
  • Hormones travel through blood to target cell
  • They bind to cell’s receptors
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4
Q

How does adrenalin prepare the body for fight or flight

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • increased blood flow to the muscles
  • raised blood sugar levels
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5
Q

How does thyroxine controls metabolic rate as an example of negative feedback?

A
  • Low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in hypothalamus
  • This causes release of TSH from the pituitary gland
  • TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine
  • When thyroxine levels are normal thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH and the production of TSH
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6
Q

Menstrual Cycle: Stage 1

A
  • Day 1-7, Menstruation
    ↑FSH ↓Oestrogen
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7
Q

Menstrual Cycle: Stage 2

A
  • Day 7-14, Uterus Rebuilding
    ↑LH ↓Progesterone
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8
Q

Menstrual Cycle: Stage 3

A

Day 14, Ovulation
↑Oestrogen ↓FSH ↓LH

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9
Q

Menstrual Cycle: Stage 4

A

Day 14-28, Uterus Maintained
↑Progesterone ↓FSH ↓LH

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10
Q

How does hormonal contraception influence the menstrual cycle and prevent pregnancy?

A
  • Pill contained Progesterone
  • Uterus is maintained, no ovulation, no egg is fertilised
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11
Q

Factors of Barrier Contraception:

A

+ Prevents STIs
+ Immediate effectiveness
- Can break
- Can be hard to apply

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12
Q

Factors of Hormonal Contraception:

A

+ Provide long-lasting protection
+ Very effective
- Doesn’t protect against STIs
- Has side effects like irregular vaginal bleeding

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13
Q

Hormones in IVF:

A
  • Ovarian stimulation
  • Triggers ovulation
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14
Q

Hormones in Clomifene therapy

A
  • Ovulation stimulation
  • Timing intercourse
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15
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A
  • Ensures reactions in the body cells can function
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16
Q

Why is homeostasis important specifically for thermoregulation?

A
  • So enzymes can function in metabolism
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17
Q

Why is homeostasis important specifically for osmoregulation?

A
  • Uneven water:salt ratio can cause cells to burst or shrivel
18
Q

What is the role of the dermis?

A
  • Allows for vasodilation and constriction
19
Q

What is the role of the epidermis?

A
  • Acts as a protective barrier
20
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Regulates temperature with negative feedback
  • Acts as a thermostat
21
Q

Why is shivering a feature of thermoregulation?

A
  • Muscles contract, so respiration (an exothermic reaction) takes place, which releases heat energy
22
Q

Why is vasoconstriction a feature of thermoregulation?

A
  • When cold, vessels narrow to prevent heat energy emissions from blood to skin
23
Q

Why is vasodilation a feature of thermoregulation?

A
  • When hot, blood vessels expand to allow blood to emit heat from the skin
24
Q

How does insulin control blood glucose level?

A

When BG is HIGH:
- Insulin binds to cells to cause blood to be absorbed
- The glucose in blood is converted to glycogen

25
Q

How does glucagon control blood glucose level?

A

When BG is LOW:
- Stimulates cells to breakdown glycogen into glucose

26
Q

Type 1 Diabetes:
- what is it
- how its controlled

A
  • Pancreas cannot produce insulin
  • Inject insulin, exercise and diet
27
Q

Type 2 Diabetes:
- what is it
- how its controlled

A
  • Insulin cannot bind to cells
  • Low sugar diet and exercise
28
Q

Correlation between BMI and Type 2 Diabetes:

A

Higher BMI, higher Type 2 Diabetes chance

29
Q

Correlation between waist:hip ratio and Type 2 Diabetes:

A

The bigger the circumference of the waist relative to the hip, the higher chance of getting Type 2 Diabetes

30
Q

Ultrafilteration

A
  • Occurs between Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsules
    Filters molecules like:
  • Urea
  • Glucose
  • Water
  • Salts
    And forms a filtrate
31
Q

Reabsorption - Water

A
  • Collecting Duct reabsorbs water due to osmosis (water:salt concentration)
32
Q

Reabsorption - Glucose

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule causes reabsorption in order to regulate blood glucose levels
33
Q

Kidney Function:

A
  • Filter blood to remove waste and excess substances
34
Q

Ureters Function:

A
  • Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder using muscle contractions.
35
Q

Bladder Function:

A
  • Store urine until it’s ready to be expelled from the body during urination.
36
Q

Urethra Function:

A

Carry urine from the bladder to outside the body during urination

37
Q

ADH

A
  • Higher ADH causes higher permeability in collecting ducts for water. allowing for more reabsorption
38
Q

Kidney Dialysis

A
  • Artificial method of filtering the blood with a machine out of the body
  • Machine contains glucose and salt concentration similar to that in the blood
39
Q

Organ Donation advantages:

A
  • Freedom
  • Less restricted diet
  • Cheaper then kidney dialysis
  • Long term
40
Q

Organ Donation disadvantages:

A
  • Immune response can occur
  • Immunosuppressant drugs may be used
  • Not enough donors
41
Q

What creates urea?

A
  • Excess amino acids in the liver

Biology 101 (17 decks)

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