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Biology 101 > Topic 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Variation in offspring
  • Better adapted
  • Less disease
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2
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Time and energy to find mate
  • Not all will have mates to pass alleles
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3
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Time and Energy efficient
  • Quick
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4
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • More susceptible to disease
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5
Q

Role of Meiosis

A
  • To create genetically different gametes
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6
Q

DNA

A

Polymer made of:
- 2 strands to form double helix
- Strands linked by complementary base pairs
- Weak hydrogen bonds between pairs
- Nucleotides with sugar and phosphate group with 1 base attached to sugar

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7
Q

Genome

A
  • Entire DNA
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8
Q

Gene

A
  • Section of DNA coded for specific characteristic
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9
Q

Step 1 - DNA Extraction

A
  • Mash fruit
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10
Q

Step 2 - DNA Extraction

A
  • Add detergent and salt
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11
Q

Step 3 - DNA Extraction

A
  • Filter
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12
Q

Step 4 - DNA Extraction

A
  • Add ice cold ethanol
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13
Q

Genetic Variants in the NON-CODING DNA of a gene can affect phenotype by…

A
  • changing the amount of protein produced
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14
Q

Genetic Variants in the CODING DNA of a gene can affect phenotype by…

A
  • changing the amino acid sequence and therefore the protein produced
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15
Q

Transcription (first) phase of Protein Synthesis

A
  1. DNA unwinds
  2. RNA nucleotide line up along template strand using complementary base pairing to copy the code. T is replaced by U
  3. mRNA forms and leaves the nucleus
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16
Q

Translation (second) phase of Protein Synthesis

A
  1. mRNA arrives at ribosome
  2. tRNA brings over the corresponding anticodon
  3. bond form between amino acids
  4. The remaining amino acids fold on each other and form a protein
17
Q

What did Mendel’s work help discover?

A
  • Selective Breeding
  • Alleles separate during gamete formation (Law of Segregation)
18
Q

Why are there differences in the inherited characteristics as a result of alleles?

A
  • Dominance and Recessiveness
  • Multiple Alleles
  • Mutation
  • Environmental factors
  • Random combinations during reproduction
19
Q

Allele

A
  • Version of a gene which code for different versions of a characteristic
20
Q

Phenotype

A
  • Physical observable characteristic
21
Q

Genotype

A
  • Alleles that code for phenotype
22
Q

Dominant

A
  • Allele which is always expressed in Genotype/Phenotype
23
Q

Recessive

A
  • Allele only expressed if there are 2 of them
24
Q

Homozygous

A
  • Two same alleles
25
Q

Heterozygous

A
  • Two different alleles
26
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • Structures in cells which carry DNA
27
Q

Monohybrid Inheritance

A
  • Inheritance of characteristics controlled by a single gene
28
Q

Description of inheritance of the ABO blood groups with reference to multiple alleles and codominance

A

Multiple Alleles:
- Determined by presence of 3 alleles: IA, IB and IO

Codominance:
- IA and IB are codominant, meaning if an individual inherits both alleles, they will express IAB allele

29
Q

How are sex-linked genetic disorders inherited?

A

Recessive disorders:
>Males
- Chromosomes X^r,Y will express disorder
>Females
- Chromosomes X^r,X^r will express disorder

Dominant disorders:
>Males
- Chromosomes X^R,Y will express disorder
>Females
- At least one X^R (X^R,X^R or X^R,X^r) will express disorder

29
Q

Most phenotypic features are the result of:

A

multiple genes, not only 1

29
Q

Causes of variation:

A

Genetic:
- Mutation and sexual reproduction
Environmental:
- An organisms’ environment

30
Q

The Human Genome Project:

A
  • Mapped entire human genetic code
    Allows for:
  • Genetic disorder testing
  • Personalised medication
31
Q

Genetic variation in a species are due to:

A

mutation

32
Q

Most genetic mutations have no affect on

A

phenotype

Biology 101 (17 decks)

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