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Biology 101 > Topic 2 - Cells and Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase

A
  • Cell grows, and DNA duplicates for division
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2
Q

Prophase

A
  • Nucleus breaks down, chromosomes become visible
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3
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes line up along centre vertically
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4
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Chromosomes split, and each split chromosome goes to either side of the cell
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5
Q

Telophase

A
  • Membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of cell
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6
Q

Cytokenesis

A
  • Division
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7
Q

Mitosis is important for:

A
  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Asexual reproduction
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8
Q

Cancer

A
  • Uncontrollable cell division
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9
Q

Growth in Animals

A
  • Cell division
  • Differentiation
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10
Q

Growth in Plants

A
  • Cell Division
  • Differentiation
  • Elongation
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11
Q

Differentiation

A
  • Becoming specialised to carry out a specific function
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12
Q

Plant cell elongation

A
  • Longer via water intake and cell wall expansion, meaning taller plants
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13
Q

Importance of differentiation in the development of specialised cells

A
  • Cellular Communication
  • Organism Functionality
  • Development and Growth
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14
Q

Embryonic Stem Cell function:

A
  • Allows an embryo to fully develop into a complete organism by differentiation
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15
Q

Stem Cells in animals function:

A
  • Repair
  • Homeostasis
  • Growth and Development.
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16
Q

Meristems in Plants:

A
  • Cells which only divide, leading to growth and differentiation into specialised cell types.
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17
Q

Benefits of stem cell use in medicine:

A
  • Tissue regeneration and treatment of various diseases.
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18
Q

Risks of stem cell use in medicine:

A
  • Immune rejection, tumour formation, and ethical concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells.
19
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Located at the base of the brain.
  • Responsible for muscle coordination
20
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Largest part of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres
  • Responsible for higher cognitive functions
21
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Located at the base of the brainstem
  • Regulates automatic functions
22
Q

CT Scan investigates brain function by:

A
  • Taking x-ray pictures of the brain from different angles
23
Q

PET Scan investigates brain function by:

A
  • Tracer in body via injection is detected by the scanner, and creates an image
24
Q

Limits of treating brain damage and disease

A
  • Complexity of the Brain and Nervous System
  • Limited Regenerative Capacity
  • Functional Consequences
  • Limited Treatment Options
25
Q

Limits of treating spinal injuries and brain tumours

A
  • Complexity and Location
  • Risk of Complications
  • Functional Impairments
26
Q

Sensory receptors:

A
  • Detects touch, light, or chemicals.
27
Q

Sensory neurons:

A
  • Carry messages from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
28
Q

Relay neurons:

A
  • Pass messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
29
Q

Motor neurons:

A
  • Carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, causing them to react.
30
Q

Synapse:

A
  • Tiny gaps between neurons where messages are passed using chemicals called neurotransmitters
31
Q

Axon:

A
  • Part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
32
Q

Dendrites:

A
  • Part of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons
33
Q

Myelin Sheath:

A
  • A fatty coating that surrounds and protects some neurons, helping messages travel faster.
34
Q

Neurotransmitters:

A
  • Chemicals that help transmit messages between neurons
35
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  • Neural pathway that allows for a rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus
36
Q

Cornea and Lens:

A
  • They help to focus light onto the retina, creating a clear image.
37
Q

Iris:

A
  • It controls the size of the pupil, which regulates how much light enters the eye
38
Q

Rod and Cone Cells in the Retina:

A
  • They detect light and send signals to the brain, allowing us to see in different lighting conditions and perceive colours.
39
Q

Cataracts:

A
  • The lens of the eye becomes cloudy, which can lead to a decrease in vision
40
Q

Long-Sightedness

A
  • The eye is shorter than normal or the lens is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina
41
Q

Short-Sightedness

A
  • The eye is longer than normal or the lens is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina
42
Q

Colour-Blindness

A
  • It affects the ability to see colours correctly due to the absence of cone cells
43
Q

How to fix cataracts:

A
  • Surgery of replacing lens with artificial lens
44
Q

How to fix Long-Short sightedness

A
  • Glasses, Contact lenses and eye surgery

Biology 101 (17 decks)

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