Topic 2 - Cells and Control Flashcards
1
Q
Interphase
A
- Cell grows, and DNA duplicates for division
2
Q
Prophase
A
- Nucleus breaks down, chromosomes become visible
3
Q
Metaphase
A
- Chromosomes line up along centre vertically
4
Q
Anaphase
A
- Chromosomes split, and each split chromosome goes to either side of the cell
5
Q
Telophase
A
- Membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of cell
6
Q
Cytokenesis
A
- Division
7
Q
Mitosis is important for:
A
- Growth
- Repair
- Asexual reproduction
8
Q
Cancer
A
- Uncontrollable cell division
9
Q
Growth in Animals
A
- Cell division
- Differentiation
10
Q
Growth in Plants
A
- Cell Division
- Differentiation
- Elongation
11
Q
Differentiation
A
- Becoming specialised to carry out a specific function
12
Q
Plant cell elongation
A
- Longer via water intake and cell wall expansion, meaning taller plants
13
Q
Importance of differentiation in the development of specialised cells
A
- Cellular Communication
- Organism Functionality
- Development and Growth
14
Q
Embryonic Stem Cell function:
A
- Allows an embryo to fully develop into a complete organism by differentiation
15
Q
Stem Cells in animals function:
A
- Repair
- Homeostasis
- Growth and Development.
16
Q
Meristems in Plants:
A
- Cells which only divide, leading to growth and differentiation into specialised cell types.
17
Q
Benefits of stem cell use in medicine:
A
- Tissue regeneration and treatment of various diseases.
18
Q
Risks of stem cell use in medicine:
A
- Immune rejection, tumour formation, and ethical concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells.
19
Q
Cerebellum
A
- Located at the base of the brain.
- Responsible for muscle coordination
20
Q
Cerebral Hemispheres
A
- Largest part of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres
- Responsible for higher cognitive functions
21
Q
Medulla Oblongata
A
- Located at the base of the brainstem
- Regulates automatic functions
22
Q
CT Scan investigates brain function by:
A
- Taking x-ray pictures of the brain from different angles
23
Q
PET Scan investigates brain function by:
A
- Tracer in body via injection is detected by the scanner, and creates an image
24
Q
Limits of treating brain damage and disease
A
- Complexity of the Brain and Nervous System
- Limited Regenerative Capacity
- Functional Consequences
- Limited Treatment Options
25
Limits of treating spinal injuries and brain tumours
- Complexity and Location
- Risk of Complications
- Functional Impairments
26
Sensory receptors:
- Detects touch, light, or chemicals.
27
Sensory neurons:
- Carry messages from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
28
Relay neurons:
- Pass messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
29
Motor neurons:
- Carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, causing them to react.
30
Synapse:
- Tiny gaps between neurons where messages are passed using chemicals called neurotransmitters
31
Axon:
- Part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
32
Dendrites:
- Part of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons
33
Myelin Sheath:
- A fatty coating that surrounds and protects some neurons, helping messages travel faster.
34
Neurotransmitters:
- Chemicals that help transmit messages between neurons
35
Reflex Arc
- Neural pathway that allows for a rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus
36
Cornea and Lens:
- They help to focus light onto the retina, creating a clear image.
37
Iris:
- It controls the size of the pupil, which regulates how much light enters the eye
38
Rod and Cone Cells in the Retina:
- They detect light and send signals to the brain, allowing us to see in different lighting conditions and perceive colours.
39
Cataracts:
- The lens of the eye becomes cloudy, which can lead to a decrease in vision
40
Long-Sightedness
- The eye is shorter than normal or the lens is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina
41
Short-Sightedness
- The eye is longer than normal or the lens is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina
42
Colour-Blindness
- It affects the ability to see colours correctly due to the absence of cone cells
43
How to fix cataracts:
- Surgery of replacing lens with artificial lens
44
How to fix Long-Short sightedness
- Glasses, Contact lenses and eye surgery
