Topic 2 - Cells and Control Flashcards
Interphase
- Cell grows, and DNA duplicates for division
Prophase
- Nucleus breaks down, chromosomes become visible
Metaphase
- Chromosomes line up along centre vertically
Anaphase
- Chromosomes split, and each split chromosome goes to either side of the cell
Telophase
- Membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of cell
Cytokenesis
- Division
Mitosis is important for:
- Growth
- Repair
- Asexual reproduction
Cancer
- Uncontrollable cell division
Growth in Animals
- Cell division
- Differentiation
Growth in Plants
- Cell Division
- Differentiation
- Elongation
Differentiation
- Becoming specialised to carry out a specific function
Plant cell elongation
- Longer via water intake and cell wall expansion, meaning taller plants
Importance of differentiation in the development of specialised cells
- Cellular Communication
- Organism Functionality
- Development and Growth
Embryonic Stem Cell function:
- Allows an embryo to fully develop into a complete organism by differentiation
Stem Cells in animals function:
- Repair
- Homeostasis
- Growth and Development.
Meristems in Plants:
- Cells which only divide, leading to growth and differentiation into specialised cell types.
Benefits of stem cell use in medicine:
- Tissue regeneration and treatment of various diseases.
Risks of stem cell use in medicine:
- Immune rejection, tumour formation, and ethical concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells.
Cerebellum
- Located at the base of the brain.
- Responsible for muscle coordination
Cerebral Hemispheres
- Largest part of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres
- Responsible for higher cognitive functions
Medulla Oblongata
- Located at the base of the brainstem
- Regulates automatic functions
CT Scan investigates brain function by:
- Taking x-ray pictures of the brain from different angles
PET Scan investigates brain function by:
- Tracer in body via injection is detected by the scanner, and creates an image
Limits of treating brain damage and disease
- Complexity of the Brain and Nervous System
- Limited Regenerative Capacity
- Functional Consequences
- Limited Treatment Options
Limits of treating spinal injuries and brain tumours
- Complexity and Location
- Risk of Complications
- Functional Impairments
Sensory receptors:
- Detects touch, light, or chemicals.
Sensory neurons:
- Carry messages from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Relay neurons:
- Pass messages between sensory neurons and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Motor neurons:
- Carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, causing them to react.
Synapse:
- Tiny gaps between neurons where messages are passed using chemicals called neurotransmitters
Axon:
- Part of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
Dendrites:
- Part of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons
Myelin Sheath:
- A fatty coating that surrounds and protects some neurons, helping messages travel faster.
Neurotransmitters:
- Chemicals that help transmit messages between neurons
Reflex Arc
- Neural pathway that allows for a rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus
Cornea and Lens:
- They help to focus light onto the retina, creating a clear image.
Iris:
- It controls the size of the pupil, which regulates how much light enters the eye
Rod and Cone Cells in the Retina:
- They detect light and send signals to the brain, allowing us to see in different lighting conditions and perceive colours.
Cataracts:
- The lens of the eye becomes cloudy, which can lead to a decrease in vision
Long-Sightedness
- The eye is shorter than normal or the lens is too flat, causing light to focus behind the retina
Short-Sightedness
- The eye is longer than normal or the lens is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina
Colour-Blindness
- It affects the ability to see colours correctly due to the absence of cone cells
How to fix cataracts:
- Surgery of replacing lens with artificial lens
How to fix Long-Short sightedness
- Glasses, Contact lenses and eye surgery
