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Geog 480 > Topic 7 > Flashcards

Topic 7 Flashcards

1
Q

general principles of colour theory

A

not everyone perceives colour the same
we primarily see EMR from the sun
approx 400-700nm (what we can see)

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2
Q

colour detection: rods

A

sensitive to brightness changes
about 120 million
monochromatic vision

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3
Q

colour detection: cones

A

6-7 million
three types
red sensitive “L” cones
green sensitive “M” cones
blue sensitive “S” cones

Note: midpoints of cones sensitivities do not always match the wavelenght (ex. green highpoint is in yellow)

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4
Q

what is the macula

A

back of the eye
macula degeneration can no longer see straight

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5
Q

what is the fovea

A

used to collect colour information
higher concentration of cones

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6
Q

beyond the eye: colour reception

A

signals collected by bipolar and ganglion cells sent to optic nerve

processed by visual cortex

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7
Q

what is rhodopsin

A

proteins that transmit information

information sent to the visual cortex (back of head)

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8
Q

Craig Blackwell Video #1

A

Colour basics
spectro - rainbow (natural colours)
white = achromatic
sunlight contains perceptable light

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9
Q

blackwell additive colour mixing

A

255 = fully saturated
0 = full black
all 126 = grey
all 255 = white

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10
Q

blackwell subtractive colours

A

cyan, magenta, red, yellow, green
complimentary colours put together = white

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11
Q

blackwell difference between additive and subtractive colours

A

adding different wavelengths
subtractive is taking away wavelenghts

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12
Q

Craig Blackwell Video #2

A

colour matching
3 basic colours to create a match for all other colours
trisstimulus = 3 colours used to make a match
not all colours can be matched by RGB primarys

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13
Q

blackwell chromaticity diagram CIE

A

spectral locus - colour of spectrum mapped onto diagram allows for x,y graph

outside the triangle cannot be matched
can only match within the triangle or boundary

this boundary is referred to as the GAMUT

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14
Q

Craig Blackwell Video #3

A

colour mapping
where it intersects when mixing is the dominant wavelength

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15
Q

Craig Blackwell Video #4

A

cones to see colour
cones sense RGB
send to cortex (brain)
produces what we see

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16
Q

blackwell colour perception order

A

cornea/lens - retina - optic nerve

3 layers of nerve cells in retina (RGB)

rods do not contribute to colour

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17
Q

3 layers of cones

A

blue or S = short
green or M = medium
red or L = long

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18
Q

blackwell receptive field

A

bullseye
center surround
on center = positive
off surround = negative

both of these work vice versa

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19
Q

balckwell opponent colours

A

black / yellow
green / red
cones = 3 colours
opponent = 4 colours

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20
Q

opponent colours channels

A

black vs white

green vs red

blue vs yellow

unique hues
Blue, green, yellow, red (pure colours)

1 cone = 200 levels
2 cones = 10,000 colours
3 cones = 500K

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21
Q

Craig Blackwell Video #5

A

one cone wont get you colour vision

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22
Q

Craig Blackwell Video #6

A

humans and animals
when you are focused on something, other things are perceived differently

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23
Q

what is rod monochromad

A

1 rod
only functions in dim light

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24
Q

what is cone chromat

A

one one cone
only brightness
only blue working = gg

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25
Q

what is di chromat

A

only two cones working

26
Q

what is trichromat

A

3 cones working

27
Q

what type of colour mixing is CMYK

A

subtractive colour mixing

28
Q

colour models (6_)

A

RGB
CMYK
HSV ( hue, saturation, value (lightness))
Munsell (hue, value, chroma (saturation))
HVC
CIE (international commission on illumination)

29
Q

RGB colour model

A

additive colour theory
works well with computers and colours on monitors
has a few drawbacks
not linear
hard to deal with
colour is not linearily perceptable and depends on your output device

30
Q

what controls RGB channel intensity

A

intensitites are based on numbers
255 different number of intensities
binary = 8 bit
can only be on or off
lowest = 0
highest = 255 (8 bit)

16 bit = 65535

31
Q

what is “true colour”?

A

24 bit
3 - 8 bit layers (RGB)

32
Q

describe additive colour mixing

A

0,0,255 = full blue

255, 255, 255 = all white

64,64,64 = grey

33
Q

full intensity green and blue gives….

A

cyan

34
Q

describe hue

A

relates to wavelenght of light, location along a colour wheel usually describes as an angle

35
Q

describe brightness

A

visual perception of an area emitting or reflecting more or less light

36
Q

describe lightness/value

A

perceived brightness of an area compared to a similarily illuminated white

37
Q

describe colourfullness

A

the way we perceive the absolute amount of bias among the long, middle and short wavelenghts relative to daylight

38
Q

describe saturation

A

colourfullness of an area judged in proportion to its brightness. how we perceive proportional amount of bias among the L,M, S wavelenghts relative to light

39
Q

describe chroma

A

the perceived colour difference from a grey of the same lightness. how we perceive the objects efficiency as a spectrally selective reflector/transmitter of light

40
Q

saturation in a RGB colour model

A

not linear perceptually

41
Q

HSV characteristics

A

separate out the things we normally perceive

42
Q

munsell colour model characteristics

A

designed for artists
different hues “around the circle”
bubbles out in the mid area of the diagram1

43
Q

HSV vs RGB

A

RGB = convinient for colour production
HSV - attempts to mimic how humans perceive light
as value increases, more hues become perceptable

44
Q

HSV vs HSL

A

cylinders but drawn into cone and bi-cone

Saturation: colourfullness of area judged against brightness

Chroma: the perceived colour difference from a grey of the same lightness

45
Q

components of colour perception/detection

A

trichromatic - based on wavelength sensitivities of three cone types

Opponent-process
lightness-darkness channel

46
Q

Cie colour models

A

objectives: to create perceptually uniform colour models
to measure and compare colours

CIE labusually found in softwares

chromaticity is the basis

A, b are colour opponents in CIE lab

47
Q

what is a hexcode

A

unique number that applies to an absolute colour across all digital platforms

48
Q

how many ways to quantify colour in photoshop?

A

5

49
Q

colour-vision impairment

A

4-6% in Europe and NA

two main types:

anamalous trichromats
dichromats

Cause?
change in colours that cones are sensitive
links between cones and ganglion and bipolar cells

50
Q

Cie xyz vision impairment

A

do not hold back A or B channels constant and move the other (they represent colour impairment controls)

51
Q

arc GIS pro colour models

A

a/b channels need to move cooperatley

Why is K(black inserted)
people want to print in basic black
cant reproduce a perfect black with CMYK

52
Q

Arc Gis pro colour vision simulator

A

protanopia (red blindness)
deutrernopia ( green blindness)
tritanopia (blue blindness) not sex linked

similar feature in colour brewer software

53
Q

Where does RGB colour blindness occur

A

occurs on the x chromosome

54
Q

what is successive contrast

A

colour production is “off” after being exhausted on something else

55
Q

simultaneous contast (more important)

A

perception of colour difference dependeont on the background
figure/ground + colour

this is how the american flag opponent colours thing works

56
Q

RGB vs CMYK

A

RGB is additive colour
CMYK is subtractive colour mixing
density of dots gives a pure and darker colour

57
Q

how do printers and plots work

A

dots on the page merge together and we perceive as a whole

58
Q

what is dithering

A

how the blotches are arranged on a page

59
Q

colour vision impairments - protonopia

A

red blindness (L)
missing L cones - dichromats
less sensitive to red- anomalous trichromats
sex linked

60
Q

colour vision impairments - deuteranopia

A

green blindness (M)
missing m cones = dicrohmats
less sensitive to green - ana=omalous trichromats
sex linked

61
Q

colour vision impairments - tritanopia

A

blue blindess (S)
missing s cones - dirchromats
less sensitive to blue - anomalous trichromats
not sex related

Geog 480 (14 decks)

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