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Biology > Topic 6.6 - Hormones, Homeostasis, and Reproduction > Flashcards

Topic 6.6 - Hormones, Homeostasis, and Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by: α cells in Isles of Langerhans

Function: Increases blood sugar levels in the blood

How: Turns glycogen into glucose

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2
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by: β cells in Isles of Langerhans

Function: Lowers blood sugar levels in the blood

How: Turns glucose into glycogen

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3
Q

Pancreas

A

Maintains blood-glucose levels

Connected to the small intestine and is part of the endocrine system

Contains isles of Langerhans which contain α cells and β cells and secrete hormones (glucagon and insulin) into the bloodstream

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4
Q

Endocrine

A

Transports directly into the bloodstream

ie - Hormones

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5
Q

Exocrine

A

Transports either to a duct or out the body

ie - Salivary glands, sweat glands

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6
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Caused by: the destruction of beta cells in the isles of Langerhans (it’s an autoimmune disease). The cause of the destruction is still being researched.

Causes: inability to produce sufficient levels of insulin

Treated by: measuring blood levels and injecting insulin when necessary

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7
Q

Types II diabetes

A

Caused by: genetic factors, lack of exercise, and obesity due to consistent overeating (risk factors)

Causes: inability to respond to insulin due to insulin receptor deficiency

Treated by: Changing diet, exercising, and loss of weight

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8
Q

Thyroxin

A

Secreted by: Thyroid gland

Function: Controls metabolic rate and temperature

How: When colder, metabolic rate increases, increasing temperature

Contains: 4 atoms of iodine - iodine deficiency in the diet may cause metabolic issues

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9
Q

Leptin

A

Secreted by: Adipose tissue

Function: Controls appetite

How: More adipose tissue, more leptin produced, more leptin to bind to receptors in hypothalamus (cells in the hypothalamus control appetite), appetite decreases

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10
Q

Melatonin

A

Secreted by: Pineal gland

Function: Controls circadian rhythm

How: light is detected by the retina and the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus and this inhibits melatonin production. When there is a lack of light, the inhibition stops and melatonin is secreted and stimulates sleep.

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11
Q

Jet lag

A

Caused by: crossing over 3 or more time zones - the circadian rhythm set by pineal gland and the SCN is incorrect for the current location

Causes: tiredness during the day and inability to sleep at night

Treated by: melatonin can be used / the body will eventually correct the rhythm

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12
Q

Sex determination in males

A

If the embryo has the SRY gene, it will code for a binding protein (TDF: testis determining factor) and testis will develop.

Testis normally develop by week 8

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13
Q

Testosterone

A

Causes the development of male genitalia as an embryo.

Also causes secondary characteristics to develop (deepening voice etc).

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14
Q

Sex determination in females

A

When there is a lack of the SRY gene, there is no production of testis and so the embryonic gonads develop into ovaries

During development, oestrogen and progesterone promote the development of both primary and secondary sexual characteristics

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15
Q

Male and female reproductive systems

A

Page 335

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16
Q

Menstruation cycle

A

Lasts from puberty to menopause

Cycle of the build-up and breakdown of the endometrium.

Follicular phase -> follicle is developed

Luteum phase -> Corpus luteum develops and secretes oestrogen and progesterone

17
Q

FSH

A

Secreted by: Pituitary gland

Function: Promotes the development of follicles

Type of hormone: Protein hormone

Stimulates: Oestrogen production (want the endometrium to be available if fertilisation occurs)

Inhibits: LH

18
Q

Oestrogen

A

Secreted by: Follicle wall

Function: Promotes the repair and thickening of the endometrium

Type of hormone: Ovarian hormone

Stimulates: LH

Inhibits: FSH (do not want multiple follicles to be produced during one menstruation cycle) at high levels of oestrogen (negative feedback)

19
Q

LH

A

Secreted by: Pituitary gland

Function: Promotes egg maturation and ovulation. It also promotes the development of the corpus luteum

Type of hormone: Protein hormone

Stimulates: Corpus luteum production which secretes oestrogen (which stimulates LH production: positive feedback) and progesterone

Inhibits: ??

20
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by: Corpus luteum (yellow body of the follicle)

Function: Promotes the thickening and maintenance of the endometrium

Type of hormone: Ovarian hormone

Stimulates:

Inhibits: FSH and LH (negative feedback) (and oxytocin (HL))

21
Q

FSH, Oestrogen, LH, and Progesterone cycles in the menstruation cycles

A

FSH peaks at menstruation then decreases then rises with LH

Oestrogen peaks before ovulation then decreases but remains relatively constant until menstruation after decreasing

LH peaks before ovulation then decreases

Progesterone slowly rises after ovulation

22
Q

IVF

A

Woman takes drugs so that the pituitary gland stops secreting FSH and Lh and therefore oestrogen and progesterone too. This is to have control over the woman’s menstruation cycle

Superovulation -> high concentrations of FSH and LH are injected and cause multiple follicles to develop and be ovulated

The eggs are then stimulated to mature by HCG and then the eggs are washed out the uterus using a micropipette

The eggs are then mixed with 50,000-100,000 sperm cells in sterile conditions then incubated in 37°C

Any fertilised eggs are implanted into the endometrium and the woman is given progesterone to make up for the lack of progesterone. Normal pregnancy then follows

23
Q

Male reproductive system (Testis, Scrotum, Epididymis, Sperm duct, Seminal vesicle and prostate gland, Urethra, Penis)

A

Testis: Produce sperm and testosterone
Scrotum: Hold testis at lower than body temp
Epididymis: store sperm for ejaculation
Sperm duct: Transfer sperm during ejaculation
Seminal vesicle and prostate gland: Secrete fluid containing alkali, fructose, and proteins which mixes with sperm to form semen
Urethra: Transfer semen/urine during urination/ejaculation
Penis: Penetration of the vagina for ejaculation of semen near the cervix

24
Q

Female reproductive system (Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina, Vulva)

A

Ovary: produce eggs, oestrogen, and progesterone
Oviduct: Holds egg from ovulation and provides a site for fertilisation and then moves the egg to the uterus
Uterus: Provides the needs of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy
Cervix: Protect the fetus during pregnancy then dilate to provide a birth canal
Vagina: Stimulates penis for ejaculation and provides a birth canal
Vulva: Protects the internal contents of the vagina

Biology (27 decks)

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