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Biology > Topic 5.3 - Classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

Topic 5.3 - Classification and biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Binomial systems

A

Universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.

Genus begins with a capital letter, species begins with a lower case, the whole name is in italics.

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2
Q

Hierarchy of taxa

A

Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

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3
Q

Domain

A

Domain ->

Eukarya, Prokarya, archae

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4
Q

Kingdom

A

Kingdom ->
(Eukarya) - Animalia, Protista, Fungi, Plantae

(Archaebacteria, Eubacteria - if splitting up further // not required for ib)

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5
Q

Phylum

A

Phylum ->
(Animalia) - Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Protochordata, Vertebrata

(Plantae) - Bryophyta (mosses, liverworts, hornworts), Coniferophyta (conifers), Angiospermatophyta (flowering plants), Filicinophyta (ferns).

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6
Q

Class

A

Class ->
(Vertebrata) - Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
(Chordata) - Agnatha (jaw-less fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

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7
Q

Order

A

Order ->
(Mammalia) - Chiropptera (bats), Primates, Rodentia (gnawing animals), Cetacea (whales, dolphins), Carnivora, Artiodactyla (even toed mammals)

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8
Q

Family

A

Family ->
(Primates) -

Monkeys -> (Platyrrhines - new world (in Americas) and Catarrhines/Cercopithecoids (old world))
Hominidae -> (Apes, Humans, bonobo, orangutan)
Prosimians -> (Tarrsiiformes and Lemuriformes)

Carnivora - Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels)

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9
Q

Genus

A

Genus ->

Hominidae) - Homo, Pongo (orangu), Gorilla, Pan (chimp, bonobo

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10
Q

Species

A

Species ->
(Homo) - sapien, neanderthalensis

Organisms that can interbreed to form fertile offspring

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11
Q

Dactyl

A

Finger/toe

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12
Q

Artio

A

Even

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13
Q

Bacteria

A

Histones associated with DNA -
Absent

Introns -
Rare/Absent

Ribosome size -
70s

Cell wall properties -
Peptidoglycan

Cell membrane -
Glycerol-ester lipids, unbranched side chains, d-glycerol

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14
Q

Archaea

A

Histones associated with DNA -
Proteins similar to histones

Introns -
Present in some genes

Ribosome size -
70s

Cell wall properties -
Not made of peptidoglycan; if present, mostly composed of glycan polymers.

Cell membrane -
Glycerol-ether lipids, unbranched side chains, l-lipids

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15
Q

Eukaryota

A

Histones associated with DNA -
Present

Introns -
Frequently present

Ribosome size -
80s

Cell wall properties -
Animals -> no, plants -> cellulose, fungi -> chitin

Cell membrane -
Glycerol-ester lipids, unbranched side chains, d-glycerol

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16
Q

Archaean

A

Found everywhere, even in extreme conditions.

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17
Q

Methanogens

A

Type of Archaean, produce methane (found in stomachs of cattle/termites).

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18
Q

Natural classification

A

Species in a genus and higher forms of taxa share a common ancestry

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19
Q

Reviewing classification

A

Taxa may be separated or combined if it is shown that they do/ do not have common ancestry

20
Q

Advantages of classification

A

Identification of a species is easier. If a species is not quickly known, its identification can be easier if it can be travelled through the taxonomy classification. Dichotomous keys help with assigning a species to its correct location.

21
Q

Advantages of classification (2)

A

Prediction of characteristics. Those in similar taxonomy can be predicted to have similar characteristics. Bats can be predicted to have hair, a placenta, a four-chamber heart and other mammalian properties because it is a mammal. If bats were classified with other animals like birds because they both fly, their characteristics could not be predicted with such accuracy.

22
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

Numbered series of pairs of descriptions. Numbers lead to elsewhere on the keys. (Page 265)

Used to identify a species.

23
Q

Bryophyta

A

Vegetative organs -
Rhizoids, but not long roots. Some only have simple shoots and leaves, others only have a thallus

Vascular tissue -
No xylem or phloem

Cambium -
No cambium, true trees and shrubs

Pollen -
No

Ovules -
No

Seeds -
No

Fruits -
No

24
Q

Filicinophyta

A

Vegetative organs -
leaves, roots, and shoots are present

Vascular tissue -
Contains xylem and phloem

Cambium -
No cambium, true trees and shrubs

Pollen -
No

Ovules -
No

Seeds -
No

Fruits -
No

25
Q

Coniferophyta

A

Vegetative organs -
leaves, roots, and shoots are present

Vascular tissue -
Contains xylem and phloem

Cambium -
Present, allowing secondary thickening of roots and shoots and development into trees and shrubs

Pollen -
Present in males

Ovules -
Present in females

Seeds -
Produced and dispersed

Fruits -
No

26
Q

Angiospermatophyta

A

Vegetative organs -
leaves, roots, and shoots are present

Vascular tissue -
Contains xylem and phloem

Cambium -
Present in some; allows for secondary thickening of shoots and roots and development into trees and shrubs

Pollen -
Produced by Anthers in flower

Ovules -
Produced and kept in Ovary in flowers

Seeds -
Produced and dispersed

Fruits -
Produced for dispersion of seeds (via winds, animals etc)

27
Q

Vegetative organs

A

Organs that are concerned more with growth than reproduction.

Examples - Roots, shoots and leaves

28
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Tissue that is responsible for transport within the plant

Examples - Phloem and xylem

29
Q

Cambium

A

Cells between vascular tissue that can produce more vascular tissue

30
Q

Ovules

A

Contains a female gamete, develops into a seed after fertilisation

31
Q

Pollen

A

Small structures that contain male gametes that are dispersed

32
Q

Seeds

A

Dispersible unit containing the embryo, food reserves, and a seed coat.

33
Q

Fruits

A

Seeds together with fruit wall developed by the ovary

34
Q

Porifera

A

Examples -
Sponges

Mouth/anus -
None

Symmetry -
None

Skeleton -
Internal spicules (skeletal needles)

Other external recognition features -
Many pores for taking in water for food filtering

35
Q

Cnidaria

Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features

A

Examples -
hydras, jellyfish, anemones, corals

Mouth/anus -
Mouth

Symmetry -
Radial

Skeleton -
Soft, but hard corals secrete CaCO₃

Other external recognition features -
Tentacles arrange din rings around the mouth, stinging cells

36
Q

Platyhelminthes

Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features

A

Examples -
Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms

Mouth/anus -
Mouth

Symmetry -
Bilaterally

Skeleton -
No, soft bodies

Other external recognition features -
Flat and thin bodies in the shape of a ribbon, no blood or gas exchange system

37
Q

Mollusca

Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features

A

Examples -
Gastropods (snails and slugs), bivalves, chitons, squids, octopi

Mouth/anus -
Both

Symmetry -
Bilaterally

Skeleton -
Most have shells made of CaCO₃

Other external recognition features -
Fold in the body wall (mantle) secretes the shell. The hard rasping radula is used for feeding

38
Q

Annelida

Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features

A

Examples -
Marine bristle worm, Oligochaetes (earthworms), and leeches

Mouth/anus -
Both

Symmetry -
Bilaterally

Skeleton -
Internal cavity with fluid under pressure

Other external recognition features -
Bodies made of many ring-shaped segments often with bristles. Blood vessels often visible.

39
Q

Arthropoda

Examples, Mouth/Anus, Symmetry, Skeleton, Other external features

A

Examples -
Crustaceans (krill, barnacles, shrimp, lobsters woodlice, crabs, etc), insects, myriapods (centipede etc), arachnids.

Mouth/anus -
Both

Symmetry -
Bilaterally

Skeleton -
External skeletons made by chitin

Other external recognition features -
Segmented bodies with legs and other appendages separated by joints

40
Q

Fish

Outer layer, gas exchange system, limbs, appendages, fertilisation, young, (no clue what to name), body temperature

A

Outer layer -
Scales: bony plates on skins

Gas exchange system -
Gills covered by an operculum and with a single gill slit

Limbs -
None

Appendages used for movement -
Fins supported by rays

Fertilisation -
Eggs and sperm released into water for fertilisation

Young -
Live in water for their whole life cycle

? -
Swim bladder contains gas which assist with buoyancy.

Body temperature -
Do not maintain the internal temperature

41
Q

Amphibians

Outer layer, gas exchange system, limbs, appendages, fertilisation, young, (no clue what to name), body temperature

A

Outer layer -
Soft moist skin which is permeable to water and gases

Gas exchange system -
Small lungs with small folds and moist skin for gas exchange

Limbs -
Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs

Appendages used for movement -
4 legs

Fertilisation -
Sperm and egg released for fertilisation

Young -
Larval begin their life in water, adults often live on land.

? -
Eggs surrounded by protective jelly

Body temperature -
Do not maintain internal temperature

42
Q

Reptiles

Outer layer, gas exchange system, limbs, appendages, fertilisation, young, (no clue what to name), body temperature

A

Outer layer -
Impermeable skin made of scales made of keratin

Gas exchange system -
Lungs with extensive folding for increased surface area for gas exchange

Limbs -
Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs

Appendages used for movement -
4 legs (mostly)

Fertilisation -
Sperm is entered into the female internally

Young -
Eggs are coated in a soft shell

? -
Teeth of all one type, no living parts to them

Body temperature -
Do not maintain internal temperature

43
Q

Birds

Outer layer, gas exchange system, limbs, appendages, fertilisation, young, (no clue what to name), body temperature

A

Outer layer -
Skin with feathers made of keratin

Gas exchange system -
Lungs with para-bronchial folds and air sacs (to ventilate)

Limbs -
Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs

Appendages used for movement -
2 legs, 2 wings

Fertilisation -
Sperm is entered into the female internally

Young -
Eggs are coated with a hard shell

? -
Beak, no teeth

Body temperature -
Maintains internal temperature

44
Q

Mammals

(Outer layer, Gas exchange system, Limbs, Appendages used for movement, Fertilisation, Young, (not sure what to name this one), Body temperature)

A

Outer layer -
Skin and hair created from keratin

Gas exchange system -
Lungs with alveoli, ventilated using ribs and diaphragm

Limbs -
Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs

Appendages used for movement -
4 legs or 2 legs with 2 wings/arms

Fertilisation -
Sperm is entered into the female internally

Young - young are produced that develop with the mother’s aid (mammary glands produce milk)

? -
Teeth with different types, contain a living core

Body temperature -
Maintain internal temperature

45
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA - this is what ribosomes are made from. This is why ribosomes are not counted as organelles (only made from folded rRNA)

Biology (27 decks)

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