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Nutrition > Topic 6- Weight management > Flashcards

Topic 6- Weight management Flashcards

1
Q
  • What is body weight a result of?
A

It is a result of the balance between energy intake vs. output

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2
Q
  • What happen is energy intake in greater than output?
A

Fat deposition occurs

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3
Q
  • What happens in energy output in greater than input?
A

Fat depletion occurs

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4
Q
  • What are adipocytes?
A

They are fat cells designed to store fat in the body and an energy reserve. This is an efficient function due to low water storage and the high density on fat. They are also known as lipocytes.

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5
Q
  • What does the amount of fat stored depend on?
A

Depends on the number os fat cell and how big they are.

Note! They can expand up to 20 times their size. They restart cell division when full.

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6
Q
  • During what period do fat cell numbers mainly increase?
A

Durning childhood and puberty

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7
Q
  • Obesity is due to two things, What are they?
A
  • Obesity due to and increase in cell number in hyper plastic
  • Obesity due to increase in size in hypertrophic
    Note! both usually occur together
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8
Q
  • What are adipocytes (lipocytes or fat cell) composed of?
A

Adipose tissue, specialised in storing energy as fat. There are two types - White and brown

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9
Q
  • What the difference between white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)?
A

White is the fat storage tissue and brown tissue produces heat

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10
Q
  • What happen with the heat created by the brown adipose tissue?
A

The heat release in performed by the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) which is activated by the diet, in the mitochondria.

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11
Q
  • What is BAT commonly called baby fat?
A

This is because it is present in babies but convert to WAT in adult hood due to UCP1 ceasing to work

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12
Q
  • What do white fat cells (also called monovacuolar) contain?
A

They contain a large liquid droplet surrounded by a later of cytoplasm. The nucleus is flattened and located on the periphery

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13
Q
  • What is the size of a typical fat cell?
A

0.1mm in odometer with some being twice that size and other half that size

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14
Q
  • What state is fat stored in and compose of?
A

It is stored in a semi-liquid state and composed primarily of triglycerides and cholesteryl ester

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15
Q
  • What do white fat cells secrete?
A

Many protein acting as adipokines such as resistin, adiponectin and leptin

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16
Q
  • How many fat cells does the average adult have?
A

30 billion fat cells. If excess weight is gained as an adult, fat cell increase in size about fourfold before dividing and increase the absolute number of fat cells present

17
Q
  • What is the shape brown fat cells?
A

Brown fat cells or plurivacuolar cells are polygonal in shape and have a considerable cytoplasm with lipid droplets scattered throughout. The nucleus is round and is not in the periphery of the cell. The brown colour comes from the large quantity of mitochondria

18
Q
  • What is the storage of fat cells controlled by?
A

Controlled by the enzyme ‘lipoprotein lipase (LPL)’

19
Q
  • How does the enzyme lipoprotein lipase work?
A

It breaks down the triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, small enough to enter the cell. In the cell they rejoin to become triglycerides.

20
Q
  • What is lipoprotein lipase?
A

It is water soluble enzyme that hydrolyses triglycerides in lipoproteins, such as those found in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), into two free fat caidsand one monoglyceride molecule.

The LPL is attached to the luminal surface of endothelial cells in capillaries.
It is most widely distributed in adipose, heart, and skeletal muscle tissue.
When there is more LPL on fat cell people store more fat easily

21
Q
  • Can the adipocyte secrete signalling messenger, called adipokines, that act as an endocrine cell?
A

Yes

22
Q
  • Do adipocyte in different parts of the body have the same levels of enemies responsible for fat breakdown and removal?
A

NO - Different parts of the body have different levels of enzymes responsible.

23
Q
  • What is one of the most critical metabolic facts responsive for weight regain?
A

Is the increase in LPL activity following weight loss. Hight loss acts as an integral signal to the genes to produce more LPL to store more fat.

24
Q
  • In terms of BMI, what is defined as obese?
A

BMI of over 30

25
Q
  • How does genetics effect obesity?
A

Genetics determines a person susceptibility to becoming obese. Different people are able to gain to lose more weight on the exact same diet/exercise.

26
Q
  • What is leptin and how is it involved in weight regulation?
A

There is one gene involved in weight regulation which codes for a hormone called leptin. When the body gains dat, leptin production (from adipocytes) increases, resolution in weight loss. Some obese people have low leptin caused by a defective ‘ob’ gene.

27
Q
  • What is Ghrelin and what does it do?
A

It is a protein hormone secreted by stomach cells.
It promotes positive energy balance by stimulating appetite and promoting fat storage. Blood levels read before a means and fall afterwards in proportion to energy consumes.
Generally lean people have high ghrelin levels and obese people low.
Grossly obese prader-willi syndrome patient have chronically high ghrelin levels even after large meals.
Ghrelin tends to keep a person weight constant and maximised fat storage during times of famine. People who lack sleep also tend to have high ghrelin levels.

28
Q
  • When fat releases energy what can it be in the form of?
A

Directly as health or captured as ATP.
The capture on energy release by cellular oxidation as ATP bound energy requires a set of couples protein in the mitochondria.

29
Q
  • What does uncoupled proteins do?
A

They oppose wight gains and effect BMR

30
Q
  • What percentage of all people who lose weight maintain that weight loss?
A

5%

31
Q
  • What are the medical consequences of obesity?
A

Obese people die younger, suffer more heart attacks, strokes and concert and have greater incidence on type 2 diabetes

32
Q
  • What are repeated rounds on weight loss and regain termed as?
A

Yo-yo dieting

33
Q
  • What does rapid wight loss do to metabolism and LPL?
A

Rapid weight loss lowers the metabolism (BMR) and increases LPL efficiency making fat deposition easier. When people return to normal diet after dieting, rapid fat gain results and weight often passes their previous peak weight.

34
Q
  • How do obesity drugs work?
A

The suppress appetite by raising serotonin levels in the brain. Some found to cause hypertension and valve damage

35
Q
  • What are some herbal weight loss products?
A
  • St johns worj
  • Ma Huang
    Harbal laxatives: Senns, Aloe, rhubarb, cascara, castor oil and buck thorn
36
Q
  • What are very low calorie diets can what can the side effects?
A

They are generally defined as those containing less that 3500KJ per day

The down sides include:

  • body got into starvation mode
  • become efficient and storing energy
  • BMR slows down
  • prepares for rapid weight gain
  • can then cause higher weight gain
37
Q
  • What are some reasonable treatment of obesity?
A
  • Focus of health gains, not just weight
  • consider dietary guidelines
  • small slow losses are more likely to me maintained
  • modest weight loss can improve blood pressure, cholesterol and symptoms of diabets
  • can help reduce disease risk
  • reasonable weight loss is 10% in six months
38
Q
  • Causes of underweight?
A
  • Hypothalamic irregularities of the hugher-appitite satiety process, psychological traits, metabolic processes, food aversions and hereditary tendencies

Nutrition (8 decks)

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