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Nutrition > Nutrition topic 4- Digestion > Flashcards

Nutrition topic 4- Digestion Flashcards

1
Q
  • How are nutrient supplied to the cells?
A

Via the blood if the circulatory system

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2
Q
  • What does the blood contain?
A

Nutrients absorbed from our food by the actions of our elaborate and efficient digestive system

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3
Q
  • What does digestive function involve?
A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, extraction of nutrients and breakdown of macronutrients

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4
Q
  • What is absorption?
A

This is the transfer of nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine to blood or lymphatic capillaries surrounding the digestive tract

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5
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

A continuous tubular extension linking the mouth to the oesophagus, stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, into the small intestine, large intestine to the anus

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6
Q
  • Where does most absorption occur?
A

In the 4-5m long small intestine

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7
Q
  • What is absorbed in the large intestine?
A

Water and some minerals

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8
Q
  • After the large intestine where does remaining matter go?
A

Into the rectum and passes through the anus

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9
Q
  • What are some of the other organs that play a role in digestion?
A
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
  • Various glands and ducts
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10
Q

What are the principal organs in the digestive system?

A

- Mouth

  • Oesophagus
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
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11
Q
  • What is the mouth function?
A

Chews and mixes food with saliva

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12
Q
  • What is the oesophagus function?
A

Passes food from the mouth to the stomach

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13
Q
  • What is the livers function?
A

Makes bile salts to break down fats to help later digestion

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14
Q
  • What is the stomach function?
A

Adds acid, enzymes and fluid. Churns and mixes to a liquid mass

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15
Q
  • What is the small intestine function?
A

Secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yielding nutrients to smaller molecules. Cell of wall absorb nutrients into the blood and lymph.

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16
Q
  • What is the Large intestine function?
A

Reabsorbed water and minerals. Passes waste (fiber, bacteria and unabsorbed nutrients) alongs with water to the rectum

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17
Q

What is the rectum function?

A

Stores waste prior to elimination

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18
Q
  • What is the anus function?
A

Holds rectum closed and opes to allow elimination

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19
Q
  • Digestion of micro vs. macro nutrients?
A

Micronutrients: require little or no digestive prep

Macronutrients: need to be broken down to basic units to allow absorption

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20
Q
  • What to carbs get broken down to?
A

Glucose + other monosaccarides

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21
Q
  • What do proteins get broken down into?
A

Amino acids

22
Q
  • What do lipids get broken down into?
A

Glycerol + fatty acids

23
Q

What are the muscular or mechanical actions in the digestive system?

A
  • Chewing
  • Peristalsis action
  • Segmentation
24
Q

What are the main secretes in the digestive systems?

A

Saliva

  • Gastric juices
  • Bile
  • Pancreatic juice
  • Intestinal enzymes
25
Q
  • What is the process of carb digestion?
A

> Digestion begins in the mouth
No digestion occurs in the stomach
In the duodenum, pancreatic amylases continue to breakdown the molecules into disaccharides
Final breakdown occurs in the walls of the SI where enzymes break down the double sugars into monosaccharides

26
Q
  • Process of braking down starch?
A
  • Mouth: salivary enzyme amylases starts to break down starch into small polysaccharides and maltose
  • Stomach: stomach acids inactivate salivary enzymes hating starch digestion
  • SI: the pancreas produces pancreatic amylases that is release into the small intestine which breaks starch into small poly and disaccharides. Then the enzymes in the SI hydrolyse the the disaccharides into monosaccharides using the enzymes: maltase, sucrase and lactase
27
Q
  • What is fibre?
A

Is composed of glucose units bonded with a chemical bond which cannot be broken apart in the human digestive system due to lacking particular enzymes. Two types- Insoluble and soluble

28
Q
  • What is insoluble fibre?
A

Not digested and passes through the GI tacts unchanged. Works by providing bulk and speeds up transit through the bowel. Prevents constipation.

29
Q
  • What is soluble fibre?
A

Can be partially fermented in the large intestine (bacterial enzymes) producing gases and short chain fatty acids. Made up of things like pecan in fruit and gums in grains. Said to prevent heart disease.

30
Q
  • What is resistant starch (another type of fibre)?
A

Starch that acts in a similar way to fibre.

31
Q
  • What are so sources of fibre?
A

All plant foods - vegetables, fruits, legumes and grains

32
Q
  • What is the process of lipid breakdown?
A
  • Begins in the mouth, hard fats are warmed
  • Lipid substances must be reduced in size by the emulsification action of bile secreted from the gall bladder
  • Most chemical breakdown then occurs in the SI under the action of pancreatic and intestinal lipase enzymes
33
Q
  • What is emulsification?
A

The breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles. It is accomplished mainly by bile acids in the small intestine. Emulsification is the first preparation of fat for chemical digestion by specific enzymes.

34
Q
  • How does emulsifying work?
A

To disperse a liquid into another liquid with which it is immiscible, making a colloidal suspension. Soaps and detergents emulsify by surrounding small globules of fat, preventing them from settling out. Bile acts as an emulsifying agent in the digestive tract by dispersing ingested fats into small globules

35
Q
  • What does the Gall Bladder do?
A

Acts as an storage place for bile relied from the liver. It makes it 10x more concentrated and releases into the duodenum when needed.

36
Q
  • The process of digesting proteins?
A
  • Begins in the stomach, acidic condition uncoil protein stands and the enzyme person can break it down to smaller peptide chains
  • In the duodenum, pancreatic and intestinal protease enzymes reduce chains to dipeptides
  • Dipeptidase enzymes form the intestinal lining complete the breakdown, producing amino acids ready for absorption
37
Q
  • What is the stomachs role in protein digestion?
A

HCL uncoils protein straws and activates stomach enzymes.

Protein -> pepsin + HCL -> Small peptides

38
Q
  • What is the SI and pancreas role in protein digestion?
A

Polypeptides -> Pancreatic and intestinal proteases -> Dipeptides, tripeptides and amino acids -> Animo acid absorbtion

39
Q
  • What is absorption?
A

Involves the transfer to small nutrient molecules from the lumen of the SI into blood or lymphatic capillaries

40
Q
  • What takes up the small nutrient molecules in the small intestine?
A

Villi projections of the mucosal cells of the small intestine

41
Q
  • Where do the nutrient molecules go after been taken up by the villi?
A

They enter blood vesicles which collect into the portal vein which connects to the liver

42
Q
  • What is the livers role in small nutrient uptake?
A

Controls regulated transport of nutrient to the body

43
Q
  • Where and glucose and amino acids absorbed into?
A

The mucosal cells (epithelium) of the villi and pass into the blood vescles

44
Q
  • What must lipids and fat soluble vitamins be packaged into to enable absorption?
A

Must be packed into lipoprotein particle called chylomicrons

45
Q
  • After lipids and fat sociable vitamins are packed into lipoproteins (chylomicrons), how are they absorbed?
A

They enter the lymph vessels in the villi, bypass the liver and meet the circulatory system at the subcalvion vein through the right lymphatic dat and thoracic duct in the chest region

46
Q
  • How long is the SI?
A

4-5m with diameter or 2-3cm

47
Q
  • What does the inner surface of the SI contain?
A

Contains hundreds of folds, each contoured into thousands of projections called villi. Each villi is covered in microvilli. Surface area same size as a tennis court

48
Q
  • Why is the purpose of having so many villi and micro villi?
A

To provide a large absorptive surface that allow nutrients to enter the mucosal cells and pass to the blood and lymphatic stream

49
Q
  • How do the villis work?
A

The move constantly trapping any nutrient small enough to absorb. Each villi contains a mucosal cell which then goes not the blood capillaries or lymphatic vessel

50
Q
  • Three types of absorption?
A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport
51
Q
  • How is the circulatory system involved in nutrient transport?
A

Once the nutrients are in the mucosal cells, the nutrients are released onto the circulatory system and distributed throughout the body.

The amino acids, monosaccarides, glycerol and small fatty acids pass into the blood stream via capillaries in the villi. They are then transported via the portal vein into the liver and around the body. The larger lipid molecules are incorporated into chylomicrons hooch travel via the lyon system and bypass the liver to enter the blood stream.

52
Q
  • What does the portal vein do?
A

Transports nutrients into the liver and around the body

Nutrition (8 decks)

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