Nutrition topic 3 Flashcards
Macronutrients and energy
- energy requirements and molecules for call replication and repair are supplied from the digestion and absorption on the macronutrients.
- Foods contain a mixture of macronutrients
- This is why we use food grouping system to make it simple for the public
Food sources of Proteins?
meat, egga, cheese, nuts and soy
Food sources of Carbs?
Sweet drinks, lollies, fruit, cereal, grains, milk products
Food sources of Fiber?
Wholemeal products, unrefined breakfast cereals, nuts, legumes
Food sources of Fats?
Butter, cream, cheese, chocolate, biscuits, chips, pastry and meats
Energy content of dietary fibre?
Dietary fibre provides us is 8KJ of energy per gram- this is due to the fermentation process of fibre creating mediam chains in the gut
Fats in food?
Fats
- Spreads and cooking oils are either 100% lipid or very high levels of lipids
- Processed food, take away foods are two of the biggest contributors to fat in the diet
- Most dietary fat are triglycerides
- It is the fatty acids that have health effect and contain the high level of energy. These are the fatty acids chains coming off the glycerol
- The fatty acids are all different lengths and types. Might oils high in MUFA and PUFA will not be 100% MUFA and PUFA
- Some food often thought to be high in fat like full cream milk are actually not
Sources of fat and content %
Carbohydrates in food?
- Some carbs are sugars, some are starches, some sugars are natural and some are added
- food labels must make these distinctions
Fiber
- Non- digestible carbs are known as fiber
- The terminology for fibre in non starch polysaccharide (NSP) of which there are two categories -> soluble and insoluable
Energy in food?
Energy content of food depends on the amount of the three macronutrients. Total energy content of a food serve is determined by the combined total amounts of the three energy yielding macronutrients.
Fat soluble vitamins
- These vitamins are soluble in fat
- They are non-polar in nature so do not dissolve in water
- They are fun din the lipid fraction of vegetable and animal foods
- The 4 fat soluble vitamins are A D E K
Pro Vit A Carotenoids (fat soluble) sources?
Liver, eggs, milk, meat, fish oils
Vit D (fat soluble) sources?
Carrots, broccoli, peppers, tomatoes, fruits, and leafy vegetables
Vit E (fat soluble) sources?
Produced in the body by action of sunlight. also in liver, spreads egg youlk, milk, fish and yoghurt
Vit K1 phylloquinone
(fat soluble) sources?
Plant foods, broccoli, cabbage, spinach and some legumes
Vit K2 Menaquinone (fat soluble) sources?
Produced by gut bacteria and in small amounts in meat
Vit A toxicity?
Causes birth defects
Vitamin E
There are many forms of Vitamin E. Two major families are the tocopherols and tocotrienols.
The most important form of Vitamin E, based on dietary availability and biological activity is α-tocopherol.
This slide shows the Vitamin E content of some foods as a % RDI for adult men (RDI = 10mg).
Nuts and seeds are relatively rich sources whereas meat, cheese, and fruits only supply small amounts.
Main function of vitamin K?
The main function of Vit K is its involvement in the blood clotting process.
This process consists of a cascade on many protein reactions leading to the formation of fibrin which crosslinks red blood cells into a solid clot to plug broken vesicles. K is needed in the early reaction.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D can be synthesised in the body and also obtained from food sources. In the body this is made from cholesterol in the skin by the action of sunlight. However, as vitamin D is a very potent hormone like substance, the level of active Vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3) must be tightly controlled hence the liver and kidneys are both involved in activation of these steps.
Vitamin D3 is also contained from foods such as dairy and eggs. There is another less potent form of Vitamin D in some plant foods (D2).
Vit D deficiency?
Vit D deficiancy: causes poor calcium absorption and weak bones. In children their legs bow (rickets)
What are the Water soluble vitamins?
- Vitamin c
- B group vitamins:
- Thiamin B1
- Riboflavin B2
- Niacin B3
- Pyridoxine B6
- Folate
- Cobalamin B12
- Pantothenic acid B5
- Biotin
Water soluble in vitamins are polar in nature and can therefore dissolve in water in aqueous environments. A number of B group vitamins are found in fortified foods.
Vit Sources?
Orange juice, orange, green peppers, grapefruit, strawberries, broccoli
Thiamin sources?
Beans, sunflower seeds, black beans, pork chop, ham, split peas, whole wheat bread
Riboflavin sources?
Eggs wholegrain bread beef oysters spinach milk cottage cheese yogurt mushrooms
Niacin sources?
Turkey peanut butter tuna sardines salmon mushrooms asparagus
Folate sources?
broccoli OJ legumes spinach avocado asparagus
Folate deficiency?
Folate deficiency: Cause faulty cell division and poorly formed cells
Vit B6 - Pyridoxin sources?
Acorn squash watermelon turkey potato banana tuni han sunflowerseeds beef
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
is only found in foods of animal origin (ie. liver, meat, eggs, dairy products and fish). Plant foods do not contain Vitamin B12. If it is present in plant foods, it is due to bacterial contamination.
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5): is ubiquitous, thus found in a wide variety of foods (mainly in meat, cereals, vegetables).
Biotin
is richest in egg yolk, liver, grains and legumes.
What are the 7 major minerals?
- Ca
- P
- K
- S
- Na
- Cl
- Mg
These minerals are inorganic and do not provide energy. They essential for chemical reactions
Do minerals provide energy?
NO
Ca food sources?
Dairy tofu soya green leafy vegetables oily fish figs nuts
P food sources?
Meat chicken fish eggs dairy cereals nuts legumes food additive in bakery goods soft drinks meats
Mg food sources
Wholegrain cereals nits legumes seafood greed vegetables coffee tea chocolate
S food sources
Eggs
milk
meat
Na and Cl
Animal food contains low to moderate levels
plans foods contain low levels
processed foods contain high levels
K food sources?
Dried fruit
Vegetables
nits
potatoes
Ca deficiency?
Ca deficiency: loss of bone density and poor strength (osteoporosis)
What are the major trace minerals?
Trace Minerals
- Iron
- zone
- copper
- selenium
- manganese
- iodine
- chromium
- flouride
- molybdnum
Why do we need trace minerals?
The trace minerals are necessary for physiological functions and present in the dog in less than 5g amounts.
Iron
- Second most prevalent nutrient deficiency in the world
- Can be haem or non haem iron
- Haem-Iron absorption is far superior to non haem-iron
- Need to be rated with vit C to help absorption. Change Fe3+ to Fe2+
Note: Heme iron is actually iron atoms bound to protein molecules such as haemoglobin hence the name hemeiron. The attached protein helps the iron to be absorbed in the intestine.
Vitamin C and also lactic acid, citric acid, fructose and meat peptides help stomach acid convert non absorbable Ferric iron (Fe3+) to the absorbable form Ferrous iron(Fe2+).
Iron food sources?
Liver
red meats
chicken
Zinc
Zinc
- Occurs in the diet attached to protein similar to haem iron, mostly in animal foods
- Plan find is unattached and poorly absorbed
Competes with Ca and Fe for absorption
Zinc food sources?
Meat, seafood, dairy, grains
Zinc deficiency?
Zinc deficiency: Can effect growth and sexual maturation in children.
Cu sources?
Liver
meat
shellfish
nuts
Selenium sources?
Organ meats
fish
eggs
cereals
Iodine sources?
Seafood milk seaweed bread iodized salt
Chromium Sources?
Spices
yeast
meat
Flouride sources?
Tea
seafood
toothpaste
Mn source?
nuts and wholegrain
Molybdennum
Milk
organ meats
grains
legumes
