Topic 6: Organic chemistry

Question 1

A hydrocarbon is a

Answer 1

compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 2

saturated refers to

Answer 2

a compound containing only single bonds

Question 3

unsaturated compounds are

Answer 3

compounds containing one or more multiple bonds

Question 4

a multiple bond is

Answer 4

two or more covalent bonds between two atoms

Question 5

a displayed formula shows

Answer 5

shows every atom and every bonds

Question 6

a structural formula shows

Answer 6

all the bonds between carbon atoms

Question 7

a skeletal formula shows

Answer 7

all the bonds between carbon atoms

Question 8

a molecular formula shows

Answer 8

the actual numbers of each atom in the molecule

Question 9

an empirical formula shows

Answer 9

the numbers of each atom of each element in the simplest whole-number ratio

Question 10

a functional group is

Answer 10

an atom or groups of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions

Question 11

a homologous series i

Answer 11

a family of compounds with the same functional group, which differ in formula by CH2 from the next member

Question 12

a prefix is

Answer 12

a set of letters written at the beginning of a name

Question 13

a suffix is

Answer 13

a set of letters written at the end of a name

Question 14

a locant is

Answer 14

a number used to indicate which carbon atom in the chain an atom or group is attached to

Question 15

structural isomers are

Answer 15

compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

Question 16

stereoisomers are

Answer 16

compounds with the same structural formula (and the same molecular formula), but with the atoms or groups arranged differently in three dimensions

Question 17

geometric isomers are

Answer 17

compounds containing a C=C double bond with atoms or groups attached at different positions

Question 18

restricted rotation is

Answer 18

when atoms or groups around a C=C double bond are fixed in position

Question 19

fractional distillation is

Answer 19

the process used to separate a liquid mixture into fractions by boiling and condensing

Question 20

cracking is

Answer 20

the breakdown of molecules into shorter ones by heating with a catalyst

Question 21

reforming is

Answer 21

the conversion of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons

Question 22

complete combustion means

Answer 22

that all of the atoms in the fuel are fully oxidised

Question 23

incomplete combustion means

Answer 23

that some of atoms in the fuel are not fully oxidised

Question 24

biofuels are

Answer 24

fuels obtained from living matter that has died recently

Question 25

renewable energy sources use..................that can be

Answer 25

sources that can be continuously replaced

Question 26

non-renewable energy sources are

Answer 26

not being replenished, except over geological timescales

Question 27

biodiesel is a fuel made from

Answer 27

vegetable oils obtained from plants

Question 28

bioalcohols are fuels made from

Answer 28

plant matter, often using enzymes or bacteria

Question 29

a substitution reaction is

Answer 29

one in which an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group. This is a TYPE of reaction

Question 30

a mechanism is

Answer 30

the sequence of steps in an overall reaction. each step shows what happens to the electrons involved in bond breaking or bond formation

Question 31

homolytic fission is

Answer 31

the breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species, forming two or more radicals

Question 32

a radical is

Answer 32

a species that contains an unpaired electron

Question 33

an initiation step involves the formation of

Answer 33

the formation of free radicals usually as a result of bond breaking caused by UV radiation

Question 34

the propagation steps are

Answer 34

the two steps that, when repeated many times, convert the starting materials into the products of a reaction

Question 35

a termination step involves

Answer 35

the formation of a molecule form two radicals

Question 36

sigma bonds are

Answer 36

covalent bonds formed when electron orbitals overlap axially (end-on)

Question 37

pi bonds are

Answer 37

covalent bonds formed when electron orbitals overlap sideways

Question 38

an addition reaction is

Answer 38

a reaction in which two molecules combine to form one molecule

Question 39

hydrogenation involves

Answer 39

the addition of hydrogen

Question 40

halogenation involves

Answer 40

the addition of a halogen

Question 41

hydration involves

Answer 41

the addition of water or steam

Question 42

a diol is

Answer 42

a compound containing two OH (alcohol) groups

Question 43

curly arrows represent

Answer 43

the movement of electron pairs

Question 44

an electrophile is

Answer 44

a species that is attracted to a region of high electron density

Question 45

electrophilic addition is

Answer 45

reaction in which two molecules form one molecule and the attacking molecule is an electrophile

Question 46

heterolytic fission is

Answer 46

the breaking of a covalent bond so that both bonding electrons are taken by one atom

Question 47

a carbocaiton is

Answer 47

a positive ion in which the positive charge is shown on a carbon atom

Question 48

an electron-releasing group is

Answer 48

one that pushes electrons towards the atom it is joined to (alkyl groups, with methyl groups being more effective than ethyl groups)

Question 49

monomers are

Answer 49

the small molecules that combine together to form a polymer

Question 50

the repeat unit of a polymer is

Answer 50

the set of atoms that are joined together in large numbers to produce the polymer structure

Question 51

recycling involves

Answer 51

converting polymer waste into other materials

Question 52

an incinerator converts

Answer 52

polymer waste into energy

Question 53

use as a feedstock involves converting

Answer 53

polymer waste into chemicals that can be used to make new polymers

Question 54

a biodegradable polymer is

Answer 54

one that can be broken down by mocrobes

Question 55

a nucleophile is

Answer 55

a species that donates a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond with an electron-deficient atom

Question 56

a hydrolysis reaction is

Answer 56

one in which water or hydroxide ions replace an tom in a molecule with an -OH group

Question 57

nitriles are

Answer 57

organic compounds containing the C-CN functional group

Question 58

primary amines are

Answer 58

compounds containing the C-NH2 functional group

Question 59

a nucleophilic substitution reaction is

Answer 59

one in which an attacking nucleophile replaces an existing atom or group in a molecule

Question 60

an ethanolic solution is

Answer 60

a solution in which ethanol is the solvent

Question 61

an elimination reaction is

Answer 61

one in which a molecule loses atoms attached to adjacent carbon atoms, forming a C=C double bond

Question 62

a halogenation reaction results in

Answer 62

the replacement of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol molecule by a halogen atom

Question 63

a dehydration reaction results in

Answer 63

the removal of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol molecule, together with a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon atom, forming a C=C double bond

Question 64

ketones are

Answer 64

a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the oxidation of secondary alcohols

Question 65

aldehydes are

Answer 65

a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the partial oxidation of primary alcohols

Question 66

carboxylic acids are

Answer 66

a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the complete oxidation of primary alcohols

Question 67

heating under reflux involves

Answer 67

heating a reaction mixture with a condenser fitted vertically

Question 68

distillation with addition involves

Answer 68

heating a reaction mixture, but adding another liquid and distilling off the product as it forms

Question 69

simple distillation is used to

Answer 69

separate liquids with very different boiling temperatures

Question 70

fractional distillation is used to

Answer 70

separate liquids with similar boiling temperatures

Question 71

solvent extraction is used to

Answer 71

separate a liquid from a mixture by causing it to move from the mixture to the solvent