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A Level Chemistry Definitions > Topic 6: Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 6: Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

A hydrocarbon is a

A

compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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2
Q

saturated refers to

A

a compound containing only single bonds

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3
Q

unsaturated compounds are

A

compounds containing one or more multiple bonds

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4
Q

a multiple bond is

A

two or more covalent bonds between two atoms

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5
Q

a displayed formula shows

A

shows every atom and every bonds

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6
Q

a structural formula shows

A

all the bonds between carbon atoms

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7
Q

a skeletal formula shows

A

all the bonds between carbon atoms

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8
Q

a molecular formula shows

A

the actual numbers of each atom in the molecule

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9
Q

an empirical formula shows

A

the numbers of each atom of each element in the simplest whole-number ratio

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10
Q

a functional group is

A

an atom or groups of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions

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11
Q

a homologous series i

A

a family of compounds with the same functional group, which differ in formula by CH2 from the next member

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12
Q

a prefix is

A

a set of letters written at the beginning of a name

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13
Q

a suffix is

A

a set of letters written at the end of a name

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14
Q

a locant is

A

a number used to indicate which carbon atom in the chain an atom or group is attached to

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15
Q

structural isomers are

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

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16
Q

stereoisomers are

A

compounds with the same structural formula (and the same molecular formula), but with the atoms or groups arranged differently in three dimensions

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17
Q

geometric isomers are

A

compounds containing a C=C double bond with atoms or groups attached at different positions

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18
Q

restricted rotation is

A

when atoms or groups around a C=C double bond are fixed in position

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19
Q

fractional distillation is

A

the process used to separate a liquid mixture into fractions by boiling and condensing

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20
Q

cracking is

A

the breakdown of molecules into shorter ones by heating with a catalyst

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21
Q

reforming is

A

the conversion of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons

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22
Q

complete combustion means

A

that all of the atoms in the fuel are fully oxidised

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23
Q

incomplete combustion means

A

that some of atoms in the fuel are not fully oxidised

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24
Q

biofuels are

A

fuels obtained from living matter that has died recently

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25
Q

renewable energy sources use………………that can be

A

sources that can be continuously replaced

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26
Q

non-renewable energy sources are

A

not being replenished, except over geological timescales

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27
Q

biodiesel is a fuel made from

A

vegetable oils obtained from plants

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28
Q

bioalcohols are fuels made from

A

plant matter, often using enzymes or bacteria

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29
Q

a substitution reaction is

A

one in which an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group. This is a TYPE of reaction

30
Q

a mechanism is

A

the sequence of steps in an overall reaction. each step shows what happens to the electrons involved in bond breaking or bond formation

31
Q

homolytic fission is

A

the breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species, forming two or more radicals

32
Q

a radical is

A

a species that contains an unpaired electron

33
Q

an initiation step involves the formation of

A

the formation of free radicals usually as a result of bond breaking caused by UV radiation

34
Q

the propagation steps are

A

the two steps that, when repeated many times, convert the starting materials into the products of a reaction

35
Q

a termination step involves

A

the formation of a molecule form two radicals

36
Q

sigma bonds are

A

covalent bonds formed when electron orbitals overlap axially (end-on)

37
Q

pi bonds are

A

covalent bonds formed when electron orbitals overlap sideways

38
Q

an addition reaction is

A

a reaction in which two molecules combine to form one molecule

39
Q

hydrogenation involves

A

the addition of hydrogen

40
Q

halogenation involves

A

the addition of a halogen

41
Q

hydration involves

A

the addition of water or steam

42
Q

a diol is

A

a compound containing two OH (alcohol) groups

43
Q

curly arrows represent

A

the movement of electron pairs

44
Q

an electrophile is

A

a species that is attracted to a region of high electron density

45
Q

electrophilic addition is

A

reaction in which two molecules form one molecule and the attacking molecule is an electrophile

46
Q

heterolytic fission is

A

the breaking of a covalent bond so that both bonding electrons are taken by one atom

47
Q

a carbocaiton is

A

a positive ion in which the positive charge is shown on a carbon atom

48
Q

an electron-releasing group is

A

one that pushes electrons towards the atom it is joined to (alkyl groups, with methyl groups being more effective than ethyl groups)

49
Q

monomers are

A

the small molecules that combine together to form a polymer

50
Q

the repeat unit of a polymer is

A

the set of atoms that are joined together in large numbers to produce the polymer structure

51
Q

recycling involves

A

converting polymer waste into other materials

52
Q

an incinerator converts

A

polymer waste into energy

53
Q

use as a feedstock involves converting

A

polymer waste into chemicals that can be used to make new polymers

54
Q

a biodegradable polymer is

A

one that can be broken down by mocrobes

55
Q

a nucleophile is

A

a species that donates a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond with an electron-deficient atom

56
Q

a hydrolysis reaction is

A

one in which water or hydroxide ions replace an tom in a molecule with an -OH group

57
Q

nitriles are

A

organic compounds containing the C-CN functional group

58
Q

primary amines are

A

compounds containing the C-NH2 functional group

59
Q

a nucleophilic substitution reaction is

A

one in which an attacking nucleophile replaces an existing atom or group in a molecule

60
Q

an ethanolic solution is

A

a solution in which ethanol is the solvent

61
Q

an elimination reaction is

A

one in which a molecule loses atoms attached to adjacent carbon atoms, forming a C=C double bond

62
Q

a halogenation reaction results in

A

the replacement of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol molecule by a halogen atom

63
Q

a dehydration reaction results in

A

the removal of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol molecule, together with a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon atom, forming a C=C double bond

64
Q

ketones are

A

a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the oxidation of secondary alcohols

65
Q

aldehydes are

A

a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the partial oxidation of primary alcohols

66
Q

carboxylic acids are

A

a homologous series of organic compounds formed by the complete oxidation of primary alcohols

67
Q

heating under reflux involves

A

heating a reaction mixture with a condenser fitted vertically

68
Q

distillation with addition involves

A

heating a reaction mixture, but adding another liquid and distilling off the product as it forms

69
Q

simple distillation is used to

A

separate liquids with very different boiling temperatures

70
Q

fractional distillation is used to

A

separate liquids with similar boiling temperatures

71
Q

solvent extraction is used to

A

separate a liquid from a mixture by causing it to move from the mixture to the solvent

A Level Chemistry Definitions (39 decks)

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