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GCU Anatomy & Physiology I > Topic 6: Nervous System > Flashcards

Topic 6: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Define

White Matter

A

Composed mostly of myelinated axons; facilitates communication within the CNS.

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2
Q

Define

Gray Matter

A

Contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons; processes and integrates information.

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3
Q

Identify

Soma

A

The cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus and organelles.

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4
Q

Identify

Nucleus

A

The central structure within the soma that holds DNA.

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5
Q

Identify

Axon

A

Long projection that transmits impulses away from the soma.

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6
Q

Define

Neuroglia

A

Supportive cells in the nervous system; includes astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, etc.

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7
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord; processes and integrates information.

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

All neural tissue outside the CNS; connects CNS to limbs and organs.

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9
Q

CNS Components

Brain

A

The control center of the body that manages functions, thoughts, and emotions.

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10
Q

CNS Components

Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.

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11
Q

CNS Components

Spinal Cord

A

Conducts nerve impulses between the brain and body.

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12
Q

Spinal Cord

Central Canal

A

CSF-filled channel in the spinal cord.

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13
Q

Spinal Cord

Conus Medullaris

A

Tapered end of the spinal cord around L1-L2.

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14
Q

CNS Components

Tract

A

A bundle of CNS axons with a common origin and destination.

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15
Q

PNS Components

Nerve

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS.

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16
Q

PNS Components

Ganglion

A

A cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.

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17
Q

PNS Components

Plexus

A

Network of intersecting nerves.

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18
Q

PNS Components

Brachial Plexus

A

Network supplying the upper limbs.

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19
Q

Brachial Plexus

Axillary Nerve

A

Innervates deltoid and teres minor muscles.

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20
Q

Brachial Plexus

Musculocutaneous Nerve

A

Innervates anterior arm muscles.

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21
Q

Brachial Plexus

Radial Nerve

A

Innervates posterior arm and forearm.

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22
Q

Brachial Plexus

Median Nerve

A

Innervates most anterior forearm and some hand muscles.

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23
Q

Brachial Plexus

Ulnar Nerve

A

Innervates some hand and medial forearm muscles.

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24
Q

Important Nerves

Femoral Nerve

A

Innervates anterior thigh.

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25
Q

Important Nerves

Sciatic Nerve

A

Largest nerve; splits into tibial and common peroneal nerves.

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26
Q

Sciatic Nerve divisions

Tibial Nerve

A

Innervates posterior leg and foot.

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27
Q

Sciatic Nerve divisions

Common Peroneal Nerve

(fibular) nerve

A

Innervates anterior/lateral leg.

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28
Q

Components of the Brain

Cerebrum

A

Responsible for conscious thought and voluntary movement.

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29
Q

Cerebrum

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Left and right sides of the cerebrum.

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30
Q

Cerebrum

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Separates cerebral hemispheres.

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31
Q

Cerebrum

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer gray matter of the cerebrum.

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32
Q

Cerebrum

Gyri

A

Ridges on the brain surface.

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33
Q

Cerebrum

Sulci

A

Grooves between gyri.

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34
Q

Cerebrum

Frontal Lobe

A

Involved in reasoning, planning, and movement.

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35
Q

Cerebrum

Central Sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes.

36
Q

Cerebrum

Parietal Lobe

A

Processes sensory input.

37
Q

Cerebrum

Lateral Fissure

A

Separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes.

38
Q

Cerebrum

Temporal Lobe

A

Processes auditory and memory data.

39
Q

Cerebrum

Occipital Lobe

A

Processes visual information.

40
Q

Cerebrum

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the cerebral hemispheres.

41
Q

Cerebrum

Septum Pellucidum

A

Thin membrane separating lateral ventricles.

42
Q

Diencephalon

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory information.

43
Q

Diencephalon

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates homeostasis and endocrine functions.

44
Q

Diencephalon

Pineal Body

A

Produces melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycle.

45
Q

Diencephalon

Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)

A

Master gland of the endocrine system.

46
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement and balance.

47
Q

Cerebellum

Arbor Vitae

A

Tree-like white matter in the cerebellum.

48
Q

Brainstem

Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

A

Processes visual/auditory data; maintains consciousness.

49
Q

Brainstem

Pons

A

Regulates breathing and connects brain regions.

50
Q

Brainstem

Medulla Oblongata

A

Controls vital autonomic functions.

51
Q

Meninges

A

Three membranes protecting the CNS.
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

52
Q

Meninges

Dura Mater

A

Outermost, tough meningeal layer.

53
Q

Meninges

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle layer with web-like fibers.

54
Q

Meninges

Pia Mater

A

Delicate innermost layer adhering to CNS.

55
Q

Meninges

Epidural Space

A

Fat-filled space between vertebrae and dura mater.

56
Q

Meninges

Subdural Space

A

Space between dura and arachnoid mater.

57
Q

Meninges

Subarachnoid Space

A

Contains cerebrospinal fluid.

58
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Clear fluid that cushions and nourishes CNS.

59
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

Lateral Ventricles

A

First chambers producing CSF.

60
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

Third Ventricle

A

Receives CSF from lateral ventricles.

61
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Connects third and fourth ventricles.

62
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

Fourth Ventricle

A

Receives CSF before it enters central canal.

63
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

Central Canal

A

Channel in the spinal cord through which CSF flows.

64
Q

Nerves

What are unencapsulated nerve endings?

A

dendrites with no connective tissue wrapping.

65
Q

Nerves

What types of nerves are unencapsulated?

A
  1. free nerve endings
  2. tactile (Merkel) discs
  3. hair receptors (root heir plexuses)
66
Q

Nerves

What is the modality of free nerve endings?

A

pain, heat, cold

67
Q

Nerves

What are the locations of free nerve endings?

A

widespread, especially in epithelia and connective tissues

68
Q

Nerves

What is the modality of tactile discs?

A

light touch, pressure

69
Q

Nerves

What are the locations for tactile discs?

A

stratum basale of epidermis

70
Q

Nerves

What are the modality of hair receptors?

A

light touch
movement of hairs

71
Q

Nerves

What are the locations of hair receptors?

A

only around hair follicles

72
Q

Nerves

What are encapsulated nerve endings?

A

nerve fibers wrapped in glial cells or connective tissue.

73
Q

Nerves

What are the types of encapsulated nerve endings?

A
  1. tactile (Meissner) corpuscles
  2. end bulbs (Krause end bulbs)
  3. bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles
  4. Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
  5. muscle spindles (previously covered)
  6. tendon organs (prevously covered)
74
Q

Nerves

What are the modality of tactile corpuscles?

A

light touch
texture

75
Q

Nerves

What are the location of tactile corpuscles?

A

dermal papillae of fingertips
palms
lips
tongue
nipples
genitals

76
Q

Nerves

What are the modality of end bulbs?

A

light touch
texture

77
Q

Nerves

What are the locations of end bulbs?

A

mucous membranes

78
Q

Nerves

What are the modality of bulbous corpuscles?

A

heavy continuous touch/pressure
joint movements

79
Q

Nerves

What are the locations of bulbous corpuscles?

A

Dermis
subcutaneous tissue
joint capsules

80
Q

Nerves

What are the modality of lamellar corpuscles?

A

deep pressure
stretch
tickle
vibration

81
Q

Nerves

What are the locations of lamellar corpuscles?

A

dermis
join capsules
periosteum
breasts
genitals
some viscera

82
Q

Nerves

What are the modality of muscles spindles?

A

muscle stretch

83
Q

Nerves

What are the locations of muscle spindles?

A

skeletal muscles near tendon

84
Q

Nerves

What are the modality of tendon organs?

A

tension on tendons

85
Q

Nerves

What are the locations of tendon organs?

GCU Anatomy & Physiology I (6 decks)

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