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GCU Anatomy & Physiology I > Topic 2: Tissues & Integument > Flashcards

Topic 2: Tissues & Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; involved in protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.

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2
Q

What are the four primary tissues classes?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Nervous
  4. Muscular
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3
Q

Define

Connective Tissue

A

Provides support, binds tissues together, protects organs, and stores energy.

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4
Q

Define

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized for contraction to produce movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

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5
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal (e.g. bicep)
  2. Cardiac (e.g. heart)
  3. Smooth (e.g. intestine)
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6
Q

Define

Skeletal Muscle

A

Long threadlike cells of muscle fibers. Usually attached to bones, but there are exceptions: tongue, upper esophagus, some facial muscles, and some sphincter muscles.

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7
Q

Define

Cardiomyocytes

A

Cell name of muscular cardiac tissue unique to the heart.

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8
Q

Define

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle that is relatively short. Mostly found in visceral muscle like GI, respiratory, urinary, uterus, etc.

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9
Q

Define

Nervous Tissue

A

Composed of neurons and neuroglia (glial cells); responsible for transmitting electrical signals for communication and control.

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10
Q

Define

Neuron

A

Nervous Tissue that detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells.

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11
Q

Define

Glial cells (neuroglia)

A

Constitute most of the volume of nervous tissue. Much smaller than neurons and provide a variety of supportive, protective, and “housekeeping” functions for the nervous system.

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12
Q

Define

Lumen

A

The hollow interior of a tubular structure, such as blood vessels or intestines.

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13
Q

Define

Apical Surface

A

The free, exposed surface of epithelial cells facing the lumen or external environment.

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14
Q

Define

Basal Surface

A

The side of epithelial cells attached to the basement membrane.

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15
Q

Define

Basement Membrane

A

A thin, fibrous layer that anchors the epithelium to underlying connective tissue.

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16
Q

Define

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells; facilitates diffusion and filtration (e.g., alveoli in lungs).

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17
Q

Define

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; functions in secretion and absorption (e.g., kidney tubules).

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18
Q

Define

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer of column-like cells; found in digestive tract for absorption (e.g., small intestine).

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19
Q

Define

Goblet Cell

A

Specialized cells that produce mucus.

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20
Q

Define

Microvilli

A

Finger-like projections increasing surface area for absorption.

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21
Q

Define

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Appears layered due to irregular nuclei positioning but is actually single-layered (e.g., trachea).

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22
Q

Define

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections that move substances (e.g., mucus in the respiratory tract).

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23
Q

Define

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Multiple layers of flat cells; protects against abrasion.

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24
Q

Define

Keratinized

A

Contains keratin for waterproofing (e.g., skin).

Extra info (not required): indicates that the cancer cells tend to produce keratin, a fibrous structural protein found in the skin, hair and nails. When cancer cells produce keratin, the cells may form structures resembling keratin pearls, a characteristic feature of this type of squamous cell carcinoma.

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25
Q

Define

Non-keratinized

A

Lacks keratin; found in moist environments (e.g., esophagus).

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26
Q

Define

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Rare, multiple layers of columnar cells (e.g., male urethra).

Columnar epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue characterized by elongated, column-shaped cells that line various organs and body cavities.

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27
Q

Define

Transitional Epithelium

A

Specialized for stretching; found in the urinary bladder.

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28
Q

Define

Glands

A

Specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances.

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29
Q

Define

Endocrine Gland

A

Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid gland).

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30
Q

Define

Exocrine Gland

A

Secretes substances through ducts (e.g., sweat glands).

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31
Q

Define

Merocrine Secretion

A

Secretions released via exocytosis (e.g., sweat glands).

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32
Q

Define

Apocrine Secretion

A

A portion of the cell pinches off (e.g., mammary glands).

a term used to classify the mode of secretion of exocrine glands. In apocrine secretion, secretory cells accumulate material at their apical ends, often forming blebs or “snouts”, and this material then buds off from the cells, forming extracellular vesicles.

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33
Q

Define

Holocrine Secretion

A

Whole cells rupture and release contents (e.g., sebaceous glands).

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34
Q

Define

Matrix

A

The extracellular material surrounding cells, composed of fibers and ground substance.

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35
Q

Define

Fibers

A

Provide structural support.

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36
Q

Define

Elastin Fibers

A

Allow for flexibility and recoil.

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37
Q

Define

Collagen Fibers

A

Provide strength and durability. Typically glossy and pale. (e.g. tendons)

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38
Q

Define

Reticular Fibers

A

Form a supportive framework. Structural support for many visceral organs. (e.g. liver, kidneys)

a type of fiber in connective tissue composed of type III collagen secreted by reticular cells. Requires microscopy to identify.

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39
Q

Define

Ground Substance

A

Gel-like substance filling spaces between fibers and cells.

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40
Q

Define

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that produce connective tissue fibers.

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41
Q

Define

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue from which all adult connective tissues develop.

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42
Q

Define

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Contains loosely arranged fibers, providing cushioning and flexibility. Filled with ground substance.

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43
Q

Define

Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Loosely organized fibers, abundant in blood vessels, lots of empty space. Cushions organs; found under the skin.

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44
Q

Define

Adipose Connective Tissue

A

Spongy structure that holds adipose cells for energy and insulation.

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45
Q

Define

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Forms the framework for soft organs (e.g., spleen, thymus, and bone marrow).

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46
Q

Define

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Closely packed parallel fibers for strong attachment (e.g., tendons).

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47
Q

Define

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Fibers in multiple directions for resilience (e.g., dermis).

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48
Q

Define

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Allows stretching and recoiling (e.g., arteries).

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49
Q

Define

Blood

A

A fluid connective tissue that contains plasma and cells for transportation throughout the body.

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50
Q

What are the three kinds of formed elements of blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets
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51
Q

Define

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells (RBCs), the most abundant formed element of blood. Transport for oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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52
Q

Define

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs). Serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases.

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53
Q

Define

Platelets

A

Small cell fragments scattered amid blood cells. They are involved in clotting and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss, and in secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance.

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54
Q

Define

Plasma

A

Fluid matrix of blood.

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55
Q

Define

Lymph

A

Interstitial fluid involved in immune response.

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56
Q

Define

Cartilage

A

Flexible connective tissue that provides cushioning.

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57
Q

Define

Chondrocytes

A

Cartilage cells name

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58
Q

Define

Lacunae

A

Spaces housing chondrocytes.

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59
Q

Define

Chondroblast

A

Produces cartilage cells by secreting a matrix and surround themselves with in until they are trapped in little cavities called lacunae.

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60
Q

Define

Perichondrium

A

Sheath of dense irregular tissue that surrounds certain cartilage, providing nutrients. Not found around fibrocartilage. Accounts for continual cartilage growth.

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61
Q

Define

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most common; found in joints. Clear, glassy appearance.

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62
Q

Define

Elastic Cartilage

A

Provides flexibility (e.g., ear).

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63
Q

Define

Fibrocartilage

A

Absorbs shock (e.g., intervertebral discs).

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64
Q

Define

Bone (osseous tissue)

A

Hard connective tissue providing structural support.

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65
Q

Define

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells.

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66
Q

Define

Trabecular Bone

A

Spongy, porous bone. Spongy in appearance, it is still calcified and hard.

67
Q

Define

Cortical Bone

A

Dense, compact bone. No visible spaces to the naked eye. Bone exterior.

68
Q

Define

Haversian System (Osteon)

A

Structural unit of compact bone. The name used for the system of central canals, surrounding lamellae, and perforating canals.

69
Q

Define

Haversian (Central) Canal

A

Series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of cortical bone in long bones (like the Femur) that contains blood vessels and nerves.

70
Q

Define

Volkmann’s (Perforating) Canal

A

Connects osteons.
They interconnect the Haversian canals (running inside osteons) with each other and the periosteum.

71
Q

Define

Periosteum

A

A tough fibrous membrane similar to the perichondrium of cartilage that covers an entire bone.

72
Q

Define

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of skin.

73
Q

Define

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin providing strength.

74
Q

Define

Hypodermis

A

Deepest layer of skin containing fat.

75
Q

Define

Keratinocyte

A

Primary skin cell producing keratin.

76
Q

Define

Melanocyte

A

Produces melanin for pigment.

77
Q

Define

Sebaceous Gland

A

Produces oil (sebum).

78
Q

Define

Sudoriferous Gland

A

Sweat gland.

79
Q

Define

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

Causes hair to stand up (goosebumps).

80
Q

Define

Melanin

A

Pigment protecting against UV damage.

81
Q

Define

Malignant Melanoma

A

Dangerous skin cancer.

82
Q

Define

ABCDE Rule

A

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving (for detecting melanoma).

83
Q

Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; involved in protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.

A

Epithelial Tissue

84
Q

Category of tissue that provides support, binds tissues together, protects organs, and stores energy.

A

Connective Tissue

85
Q

Specialized tissue type for contraction to produce movement.

A

Muscle Tissue

86
Q

Long threadlike cells of muscle fibers. Usually attached to bones, but there are exceptions: tongue, upper esophagus, some facial muscles, and some sphincter muscles.

A

Skeletal Muscle

87
Q

Cell name of muscular cardiac tissue unique to the heart.

A

Cardiomyocytes

88
Q

Involuntary muscle that is relatively short. Mostly found in visceral muscle like GI, respiratory, urinary, uterus, etc.

A

Smooth muscle

89
Q

Composed of neurons and neuroglia (glial cells); responsible for transmitting electrical signals for communication and control.

A

Nervous Tissue

90
Q

Nervous Tissue that detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells.

91
Q

Constitute most of the volume of nervous tissue. Much smaller than neurons and provide a variety of supportive, protective, and “housekeeping” functions for the nervous system.

A

Glial cells

92
Q

The hollow interior of a tubular structure, such as blood vessels or intestines.

93
Q

The free, exposed surface of epithelial cells facing the lumen or external environment.

A

Apical Surface

94
Q

The side of epithelial cells attached to the basement membrane.

A

Basal Surface

95
Q

A thin, fibrous layer that anchors the epithelium to underlying connective tissue.

A

Basement Membrane

96
Q

Single layer of flat cells; facilitates diffusion and filtration (e.g., alveoli in lungs).

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

97
Q

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; functions in secretion and absorption (e.g., kidney tubules).

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

98
Q

Single layer of column-like cells; found in digestive tract for absorption (e.g., small intestine).

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

99
Q

Specialized cells that produce mucus.

A

Goblet Cell

100
Q

Finger-like projections increasing surface area for absorption.

A

Microvilli

101
Q

Epithelial structure that appears layered due to irregular nuclei positioning but is actually single-layered (e.g., trachea).

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

102
Q

Hair-like projections that move substances (e.g., mucus in the respiratory tract).

103
Q

Multiple layers of flat cells; protects against abrasion.

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

104
Q

Contains keratin for waterproofing (e.g., skin).

A

Keratinized

105
Q

Lacks keratin; found in moist environments (e.g., esophagus).

A

Non-keratinized

106
Q

Rare, multiple layers of columnar cells (e.g., male urethra).

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

107
Q

Specialized for stretching; found in the urinary bladder.

A

Transitional Epithelium

108
Q

Specialized epithelial cells that secrete substances.

109
Q

Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream (e.g., thyroid gland).

A

Endocrine Gland

110
Q

Secretes substances through ducts (e.g., sweat glands).

A

Exocrine Gland

111
Q

Secretions released via exocytosis (e.g., sweat glands).

A

Merocrine Secretion

112
Q

Define

Eponychium

A

The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail.

113
Q

Secretion type where a portion of the cell pinches off (e.g., mammary glands).

A

Apocrine Secretion

114
Q

Whole cells rupture and release contents (e.g., sebaceous glands).

A

Holocrine Secretion

115
Q

The extracellular material surrounding cells, composed of fibers and ground substance.

116
Q

Substance produced by connective tissues that provide structural support. This is the substance that creates structural support within connective tissues, not the name of the tissues themselves.

117
Q

Type of fiber that allows for flexibility and recoil.

A

Elastin Fibers

118
Q

Type of fiber that provides strength and durability.

A

Collagen Fibers

119
Q

Type of fibers that form a supportive framework for soft tissue.

A

Reticular Fibers

120
Q

Gel-like substance filling spaces between fibers and cells.

A

Ground Substance

121
Q

Cells that produce connective tissue fibers.

A

Fibroblasts

122
Q

Embryonic connective tissue from which all adult connective tissues develop.

A

Mesenchyme

123
Q

Contains loosely arranged fibers, providing cushioning and flexibility. Filled with ground substance.

A

Loose Connective Tissue

124
Q

Loosely organized fibers, abundant in blood vessels, lots of empty space. Cushions organs; found under the skin.

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

125
Q

Connective tissues that provides structure for fat for energy and insulation.

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

126
Q

Forms the framework for soft organs (e.g., spleen, thymus, and bone marrow).

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

127
Q

Closely packed parallel fibers for strong attachment (e.g., tendons).

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

128
Q

Fibers in multiple directions for resilience (e.g., dermis).

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

129
Q

Tissue that allows for stretching and recoiling (e.g., arteries).

A

Elastic Connective Tissue

130
Q

A fluid connective tissue that contains plasma and cells for transportation throughout the body.

131
Q

Another name for red blood cells (RBCs), the most abundant formed element of blood. Transport for oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

Erythrocytes

132
Q

Provide another name for white blood cells (WBCs). Serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases.

A

Leukocytes

133
Q

Small cell fragments that originate from megakaryocytes that are scattered amid blood cells. They are involved in clotting and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss, and in secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance.

134
Q

Fluid matrix of blood.

135
Q

Interstitial fluid involved in immune response.

136
Q

Flexible connective tissue that maintains it’s shape and provides cushioning and structure.

137
Q

Cartilage cell name

A

Chondrocytes

138
Q

Produces cartilage cells by secreting a matrix and surround themselves with in until they are trapped in little cavities called lacunae.

A

Chondroblasts

139
Q

Spaces housing chondrocytes.

140
Q

Sheath of dense irregular tissue that surrounds certain cartilage, providing access to nutrients. Elastic and hyaline cartilage have it more than fibrocartilage.

A

Perichondrium

141
Q

Most common; found in joints. Clear, glassy appearance.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

142
Q

Cartilage that provides flexibility (e.g., ear).

A

Elastic Cartilage

143
Q

The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail.

A

Eponychium

144
Q

Cartilage that absorbs shock (e.g., intervertebral discs).

A

Fibrocartilage

145
Q

Hard connective tissue providing structural support.

A

Bone (osseous tissue)

146
Q

Bone cells.

A

Osteocytes

147
Q

Spongy, porous bone. Spongy in appearance, it is still calcified and hard.

A

Trabecular Bone

148
Q

Dense, compact bone. No visible spaces to the naked eye. Bone exterior.

A

Cortical Bone

149
Q

Structural unit of compact bone. The name used for the system of central canals, surrounding lamellae, and perforating canals.

A

Haversian System (Osteon)

150
Q

Series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of cortical bone in long bones (like the Femur) that contains blood vessels and nerves.

A

Haversian (Central) Canal

151
Q

Connects osteons.
They interconnect the Haversian canals (running inside osteons) with each other and the periosteum.

A

Volkmann’s (Perforating) Canal

152
Q

A tough fibrous membrane similar to the perichondrium of cartilage that covers an entire bone.

A

Periosteum

153
Q

Outer layer of skin.

154
Q

Middle layer of skin providing strength.

155
Q

Deepest layer of skin containing fat.

A

Hypodermis

156
Q

Primary skin cell producing keratin.

A

Keratinocyte

157
Q

Produces melanin for pigment.

A

Melanocyte

158
Q

Produces oil (sebum).

A

Sebaceous Gland

159
Q

Sweat gland.

A

Sudoriferous Gland

160
Q

Causes hair to stand up (goosebumps).

A

Arrector Pili Muscle

161
Q

Pigment protecting against UV damage.

162
Q

Dangerous skin cancer.

A

Malignant Melanoma

163
Q

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving (for detecting melanoma).

A

ABCDE Rule

GCU Anatomy & Physiology I (6 decks)

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