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GCU Anatomy & Physiology I > Topic 4: Joints and Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Topic 4: Joints and Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is an articulation?

A

A joint where two or more bones meet, allowing movement and providing support.

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2
Q

Name the main components of an articulation.

A
  • Articular cartilage
  • joint capsule
  • synovial membrane
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • bursae
  • menisci.
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3
Q

Types of joints

What is a synostosis?

A

An immovable joint formed when two bones fuse, like the frontal bone in adults.

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4
Q

Types of joints

What type of tissue connects bones in fibrous joints?

A

Dense connective tissue; no joint cavity.

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints

What are sutures?

A

Immovable joints between skull bones.

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6
Q

Fibrous Joints

What are gomphoses?

A

Peg-in-socket joints, such as teeth anchored by periodontal ligaments.

“gom” = gum

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints

What are syndesmoses?

A

Slightly movable fibrous joints connected by ligaments or membranes (e.g., tibia and fibula).

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8
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

What connects bones in cartilaginous joints?

A

Cartilage only; no joint cavity.

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9
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

What are synchondroses?

A

Joints where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (e.g., epiphyseal plates, first rib–other ribs are joined to the sternum by synovial joints).

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10
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

What are symphyses?

A

Joints connected by fibrocartilage; slightly movable (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).

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11
Q

Synovial Joints

What is a synovial joint?

A

A freely movable joint with a cavity filled with synovial fluid.

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12
Q

Synovial Joints

What is the function of the articular capsule?

Also called the joint capsule.

A

Encloses the synovial joint; consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane.

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13
Q

Synovial Joints

What is the synovial cavity?

A

A space between bones filled with synovial fluid for lubrication.

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14
Q

Synovial Joints

What is synovial fluid?

A

A fluid that lubricates, nourishes cartilage, and reduces joint friction.

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15
Q

Synovial Joints

What is the role of articular cartilage?

A

Covers bone surfaces to reduce friction and absorb shock.

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16
Q

Synovial Joints

What are menisci?

A

Fibrocartilage pads in some joints that improve fit and absorb shock. High impact joints like the knees have menisci, low impact joints like phalanges do not.

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17
Q

Synovial Joints

What are fat pads in joints?

A

Masses of adipose tissue that cushion and protect joints.

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18
Q

Synovial Joints

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between moving structures near joints.

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19
Q

Synovial Joints

What is a tendon sheath?

A

An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon to reduce friction.

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20
Q

Intervertebral discs

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

The tough outer ring of an intervertebral disc made of fibrocartilage.

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21
Q

Intervertebral discs

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

The soft inner core of an intervertebral disc that absorbs shock.

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22
Q

Intervertebral discs

What is a protruding disc?

A

When the nucleus pulposus bulges outward but hasn’t ruptured the annulus fibrosus.

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23
Q

Intervertebral discs

What is a herniated disc?

A

When the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus, possibly pressing nerves.

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24
Q

Shoulder joint

What is the glenoid labrum?

A

A fibrocartilage rim that deepens the glenoid cavity for shoulder joint stability.

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25
Q

Shoulder joint

What is the coraco-acromial ligament?

A

Connects coracoid process to acromion; prevents upward displacement of humeral head.

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26
Q

Shoulder joint

What is the acromioclavicular ligament?

A

Connects acromion to clavicle; stabilizes the shoulder joint.

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27
Q

Shoulder joint

What is the coracoclavicular ligament?

A

Connects coracoid process to clavicle; helps suspend scapula.

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28
Q

Elbow joint

What is the annular ligament of the elbow?

A

Encircles the radial head, securing it to the ulna in the elbow joint.

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29
Q

Elbow joint

What is the radial collateral ligament?

A

Connects lateral epicondyle to radius; stabilizes lateral elbow.

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30
Q

Elbow joint

What is the ulnar collateral ligament?

A

Connects medial epicondyle to ulna; stabilizes medial elbow.

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31
Q

Hip joint

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

A rim of fibrocartilage deepening the hip socket (acetabulum).

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32
Q

Hip joint

What is the ligamentum teres?

A

A ligament from the femoral head to acetabulum; contains blood vessels.

Image: Labelled as “Round ligament (cut)”

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33
Q

Hip joint

What is the pubofemoral ligament?

A

Limits abduction and extension in the hip. Lays under the iliofemoral ligament on the anterior side. Extends between the lesser trochanter of the femur and pubic bone.

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34
Q

Hip joint

What is the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

Limits internal rotation and adduction of the hip. Extends from greater trochanter to ischium on the posterior side.

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35
Q

Hip joint

What is the iliofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents hyperextension; strongest ligament in the body. Extends from the lesser and greater trochanter of the femur to the ilium anteriorly.

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36
Q

Knee joint

What is the patellar ligament?

A

Connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity.

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37
Q

Knee joint

What is the quadriceps tendon?

A

Connects quadriceps muscle to patella.

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38
Q

Knee joint

What is the fibular collateral ligament (LCL)?

A

Lateral knee stabilizer; connects femur to fibula.

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39
Q

Knee joint

What is the tibial collateral ligament (MCL)?

A

Medial knee stabilizer; connects femur to tibia.

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40
Q

Knee joint

What is the medial meniscus?

A

C-shaped fibrocartilage in the knee that provides cushioning on the medial side.

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41
Q

Knee joint

What is the lateral meniscus?

A

Circular fibrocartilage on the lateral knee; absorbs shock.

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42
Q

Knee joint

What is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?

A

Prevents anterior displacement of tibia and hyperextension. Extends between the condyles from the anterior of the tibia to posterior femur.

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43
Q

Knee joint

What is the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?

A

Prevents posterior displacement of tibia. Extends between the condyles from the anterior of the femur to the posterior of the tibia.

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44
Q

List six functions of skeletal muscle.

A
  • Movement
  • Stability
  • Control of Body openings and passages
  • Heat production (thermogenesis)
  • Hormone secretion
  • Glycemic control
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45
Q

Define

Myology

A

The study of skeletal muscles

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46
Q

Skeletal Muscle

What is the function of endomysium?

A

A thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber. Provides room for blood capillaries and nerve fibrers to reach each muscle fiber.

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47
Q

Skeletal Muscle

What is the function of perimysium?

A

A thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles.

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48
Q

Skeletal Muscle

What are fascicles?

A

A bundle of 20 to 60 muscle fibers contained by perimysium.

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49
Q

Skeletal Muscle

What is the function of epimysium?

A

A fibrous shealth that surrounds an entire muscle.

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50
Q

Skeletal Muscle

What is the function of fascia?

A

The most exterior sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles groups and subcutaneous tissues.

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51
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Describe fusiform muscles shape. Provide 2 examples.

A

Thick in the middle with fascicles converging on each tapered end. Biceps brachii and gastrocnemius of the calf are examples of fusiform muscles.

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52
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Describe triangular (convergent) muscles shape. Provide 2 examples.

A

fan-shaped, broad at one end with fascicles converging on the other, narrower end. Examples include the pectoralis major and the temporalis on the side of the head.

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53
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Describe parallel muscles shape. Provide 2 examples.

A

Fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles. Examples include the rectus abdominis and sartorius of the thigh.

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54
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Describe pennate muscles shape. Provide 2 examples.

A

Feather-shaped. Fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle. Examples include the palmar interosseous muscle of the hand semimembranosus of the thigh.

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55
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Describe circular muscle (sphincter) shape. Provide 2 examples.

A

Fascicles in rings or concentric rings around body openings and passages. Examples include the orbicularis oculi of the eyelids and anal sphincters.

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56
Q

What causes muscle contraction?

A

Interaction of actin and myosin filaments using ATP and calcium; triggered by neural signals.

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57
Q

What are key features of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Striated
  • multinucleated
  • long cylindrical cells
  • voluntary control
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58
Q

What are key features of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Striated
  • one nucleus
  • branched fibers
  • intercalated discs
  • involuntary control.
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59
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Specialized junctions in cardiac muscle for electrical and mechanical connection.

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60
Q

What are key features of smooth muscle?

A
  • Non-striated
  • single nucleus
  • spindle-shaped
  • involuntary
  • found in hollow organs.
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61
Q

Where are stretch receptors called muscle spindles located?

A

Muscle spindles are found in the perimysium.

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62
Q

What does the epimysium surround?

A

The entire muscle

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63
Q

What is a muscle fascicle?

A

A bundle of individual muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue

64
Q

What is Fascia?

A

Thick connective tissue separating muscle groups.

65
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

A broad, sheet-like tendon. Name originates from the broad tendon over the top of the head; therefore aponeurosis. But it also applies to other tendons like plamar aponeurosis.

66
Q

A muscle that holds a bone steady during an action.

67
Q

What is the perimysium? What is it’s function?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bundles called fascicles. Blood vessels and nervous cells pass through to reach individual fascicles.

68
Q

A term that refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates a muscle.

A

Motor Neuron

69
Q

Muscle Physiology

Explain muscle excitability.

A

The degree to which a cell responds to electrical changes across the plasma membrane. Muscle and neuron cells have the greatest excitability in the body.

All cells have some level of excitability.

70
Q

Muscle Physiology

Explain conductivity

A

Localized electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along the cell. The degree to which local stimuli induce more than a local effect is conductivity.

71
Q

Muscle Physiology

Explain contractility

A

The unique ability of muscle cells to shorten subtantially when stimulated.

72
Q

Muscle Physiology

Explain extensiblity

A

Most cells rupture if they are stretched even a little, but skeletal muscle cells can stretch to as much as three times their contracted length. This unique ability is called extensibility.

73
Q

Muscle Physiology

Explain elasticity

A

The ability of a muscle cell to recoil to a shorter length after being stretched and released.

74
Q

Name an involuntary skeletal muscle.

A

This is a trick question: there are none.

75
Q

Muscle Physiology

The name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

A

Sarcolemma

76
Q

Muscle Physiology

The name of muscle cell cytoplasm.

A

Sarcoplasm

77
Q

Starchlike carbohydrate that provides energy for the muscle cell during exercise.

78
Q

The red oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells. Provides oxygen during muscular activity.

79
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

80
Q

What is it called when a motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle?

A

innervation

81
Q

Reverse Card

A joint where two or more bones meet, allowing movement and providing support.

A

an articulation

82
Q

Reverse Card

  • Articular cartilage
  • joint capsule
  • synovial membrane
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • bursae
  • menisci.
A

The main components of an articulation.

83
Q

Reverse Card

An immovable joint formed when two bones fuse, like the frontal bone in adults.

A

Types of joints

Synostosis

84
Q

Reverse Card

Immovable synostosis between skull bones.

A

Fibrous Joints

sutures

85
Q

Reverse Card

Peg-in-socket joints, such as teeth anchored by periodontal ligaments.

A

Fibrous Joints

gomphoses

86
Q

Reverse Card

Slightly movable fibrous joints connected by ligaments or membranes (e.g., tibia and fibula).

A

Fibrous Joints

syndesmoses

87
Q

Reverse Card

Joints where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (e.g., epiphyseal plates, first rib–other ribs are joined to the sternum by synovial joints).

A

Cartilaginous Joints

synchondroses

88
Q

Reverse Card

Joints connected by fibrocartilage; slightly movable (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).

A

Cartilaginous Joints

symphyses

89
Q

Reverse Card

A freely movable joint with a cavity filled with fluid.

A

Synovial Joints

synovial

90
Q

Reverse Card

Encloses the synovial joint; consists of an outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane.

A

Synovial Joints

articular capsule

Also called the joint capsule.

91
Q

Reverse Card

A space between bones filled with fluid for lubrication.

A

Synovial Joints

synovial cavity

92
Q

Reverse Card

A fluid that lubricates, nourishes cartilage, and reduces joint friction.

A

Synovial Joints

synovial fluid

93
Q

Reverse Card

Covers bone surfaces in synovial joints to reduce friction and absorb shock.

A

Synovial Joints

articular cartilage

94
Q

Reverse Card

Fibrocartilage pads in some joints that improve fit and absorb shock. High impact joints like the knees have these, low impact joints like phalanges do not.

A

Synovial Joints

menisci

95
Q

Reverse Card

Masses of adipose tissue that cushion and protect joints.

A

Synovial Joints

fat pads

96
Q

Reverse Card

Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between moving structures near joints.

A

Synovial Joints

bursae

97
Q

Reverse Card

An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon to reduce friction.

A

Synovial Joints

tendon sheath

98
Q

Reverse Card

The tough outer ring of an intervertebral disc made of fibrocartilage.

A

Intervertebral discs

annulus fibrosus

99
Q

Reverse Card

The soft inner core of an intervertebral disc that absorbs shock.

A

Intervertebral discs

nucleus pulposus

100
Q

Reverse Card

When the nucleus pulposus bulges outward but hasn’t ruptured the annulus fibrosus.

A

Intervertebral discs

protruding disc

101
Q

Reverse Card

When the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus, possibly pressing nerves.

A

Intervertebral discs

herniated disc

102
Q

Reverse Card

A fibrocartilage rim that deepens the glenoid cavity for shoulder joint stability.

A

Shoulder joint

glenoid labrum

103
Q

Reverse Card

Connects coracoid process to acromion; prevents upward displacement of humeral head.

A

Shoulder joint

coraco-acromial ligament

104
Q

Reverse Card

Connects acromion to clavicle; stabilizes the shoulder joint.

A

Shoulder joint

acromioclavicular ligament

105
Q

Reverse Card

Connects coracoid process to clavicle; helps suspend scapula.

A

Shoulder joint

coracoclavicular ligament

106
Q

Reverse Card

Encircles the radial head, securing it to the ulna in the elbow joint.

A

Elbow joint

annular ligament of the elbow

107
Q

Reverse Card

Connects lateral epicondyle to radius; stabilizes lateral elbow.

A

Elbow joint

radial collateral ligament

108
Q

Reverse Card

Connects medial epicondyle to ulna; stabilizes medial elbow.

A

Elbow joint

ulnar collateral ligament

109
Q

Reverse Card

A rim of fibrocartilage deepening the hip socket.

A

Hip joint

acetabular labrum

110
Q

Reverse Card

A ligament from the center of the femoral head to acetabulum; contains blood vessels.

A

Hip joint

ligamentum teres

Also called the ‘round ligament’

111
Q

Reverse Card

Limits abduction and extension in the hip. Lays under the iliofemoral ligament on the anterior side. Extends between the lesser trochanter of the femur and pubic bone.

A

Hip joint

pubofemoral ligament

112
Q

Reverse Card

Limits internal rotation and adduction of the hip. Extends from greater trochanter to ischium on the posterior side.

A

Hip joint

ischiofemoral ligament

113
Q

Reverse Card

Prevents hyperextension; strongest ligament in the body. Extends from the lesser and greater trochanter of the femur to the ilium anteriorly.

A

Hip joint

iliofemoral ligament

114
Q

Reverse Card

Connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity.

A

Knee joint

patellar ligament

115
Q

Reverse Card

Connects quadriceps muscle to patella.

A

Knee joint

quadriceps tendon

116
Q

Reverse Card

Lateral knee stabilizer; connects femur to fibula.

A

Knee joint

fibular collateral ligament (LCL)

117
Q

Reverse Card

Medial knee stabilizer; connects femur to tibia.

A

Knee joint

tibial collateral ligament (MCL)

118
Q

Reverse Card

C-shaped fibrocartilage in the knee that provides cushioning on the medial side.

A

Knee joint

medial meniscus

119
Q

Reverse Card

Circular fibrocartilage on the lateral knee; absorbs shock.

A

Knee joint

lateral meniscus

120
Q

Reverse Card

Prevents anterior displacement of tibia and hyperextension. Extends between the condyles from the anterior of the tibia to posterior femur.

A

Knee joint

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

121
Q

Reverse Card

Prevents posterior displacement of tibia. Extends between the condyles from the anterior of the femur to the posterior of the tibia.

A

Knee joint

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

122
Q

Reverse Card

  • Movement
  • Stability
  • Control of Body openings and passages
  • Heat production (thermogenesis)
  • Hormone secretion
  • Glycemic control
A

List six functions of skeletal muscle.

123
Q

Reverse Card

The study of skeletal muscles

A

Define

Myology

124
Q

Reverse Card

A thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber. Provides room for blood capillaries and nerve fibrers to reach each muscle fiber.

A

Skeletal Muscle

endomysium

125
Q

Reverse Card

A thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles.

A

Skeletal Muscle

perimysium

126
Q

Reverse Card

A bundle of 20 to 60 muscle fibers contained by perimysium.

A

Skeletal Muscle

fascicles

127
Q

Reverse Card

A fibrous shealth that surrounds an entire muscle.

A

Skeletal Muscle

epimysium

128
Q

Reverse Card

The most exterior sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles groups and subcutaneous tissues.

A

Skeletal Muscle

fascia

129
Q

Reverse Card

Thick in the middle with fascicles converging on each tapered end. Biceps brachii and gastrocnemius of the calf are examples of this

A

Skeletal Muscle

fusiform muscles

130
Q

Reverse Card

fan-shaped, broad at one end with fascicles converging on the other, narrower end. Examples include the pectoralis major and the temporalis on the side of the head.

A

Skeletal Muscle

triangular (convergent) muscles

131
Q

Reverse Card

Fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles. Examples include the rectus abdominis and sartorius of the thigh.

A

Skeletal Muscle

parallel muscles

132
Q

Reverse Card

Feather-shaped. Fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle. Examples include the palmar interosseous muscle of the hand semimembranosus of the thigh.

A

Skeletal Muscle

pennate muscles

133
Q

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Fascicles in rings or concentric rings around body openings and passages. Examples include the orbicularis oculi of the eyelids and anal sphincters.

A

Skeletal Muscle

circular muscle (sphincter)

134
Q

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Interaction of actin and myosin filaments using ATP and calcium; triggered by neural signals.

A

What causes muscle contraction

135
Q

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  • Striated
  • multinucleated
  • long cylindrical cells
  • voluntary control
A

skeletal muscle

136
Q

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  • Striated
  • one nucleus
  • branched fibers
  • intercalated discs
  • involuntary control.
A

cardiac muscle

137
Q

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Specialized junctions in cardiac muscle for electrical and mechanical connection.

A

intercalated discs

138
Q

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  • Non-striated
  • single nucleus
  • spindle-shaped
  • involuntary
  • found in hollow organs.
A

smooth muscle

139
Q

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Surrounds the entire muscle

140
Q

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A bundle of individual muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue

A

muscle fascicle

141
Q

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Thick connective tissue separating muscle groups.

142
Q

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A broad, sheet-like tendon. Name originates from the broad tendon over the top of the head. But it also applies to other tendons like in the palm.

A

aponeurosis

143
Q

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a fixator

A

A muscle that holds a bone steady during an action.

144
Q

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Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds bundles called fascicles. Blood vessels and nervous cells pass through to reach individual fascicles.

A

perimysium

145
Q

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Motor Neuron

A

A term that refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates a muscle.

146
Q

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The degree to which a cell responds to electrical changes across the plasma membrane.

A

Muscle Physiology

muscle excitability

147
Q

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Localized electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along the cell. The degree to which local stimuli induce more than a local effect.

A

Muscle Physiology

conductivity

148
Q

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The unique ability of muscle cells to shorten subtantially when stimulated.

A

Muscle Physiology

contractility

149
Q

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Most cells rupture if they are stretched even a little, but skeletal muscle cells can stretch to as much as three times their contracted length. What is this unique ability?

A

Muscle Physiology

extensiblity

150
Q

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The ability of a muscle cell to recoil to a shorter length after being stretched and released.

A

Muscle Physiology

elasticity

151
Q

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Sarcolemma

A

Muscle Physiology

The name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

152
Q

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Sarcoplasm

A

Muscle Physiology

The name of muscle cell cytoplasm.

153
Q

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glycogen in muscle tissue

A

Starchlike carbohydrate that provides energy for the muscle cell during exercise.

154
Q

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myoglobin

A

The red oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells. Provides oxygen during muscular activity.

155
Q

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Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.

156
Q

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innervation

A

What is it called when a motor neuron excites a skeletal muscle?

GCU Anatomy & Physiology I (6 decks)

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