Topic 5B Flashcards
1
Q
Types of genome-based biotechnologies
A
- DNA marker technologies
- Genome mapping technologies
- Transcriptome analysis
- Genome editing technologies
2
Q
DNA barcoding
A
- Species identification, forensics, identify mislabelling of food
- Use of tissue sample (flesh, scale, skin)
- Involves amplification & sequencing of short universal molecular tag of approx 650 base pairs from 5’ region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene
- Comparison w reference library
3
Q
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers
A
- More advanced than using microsatellite markers
- Most abundant type of DNA sequence variant
- Describes polymorphisms caused by point mutations that give rise to different alleles containing alt. bases at given nucleotide position within a locus
- used for sequencing
- SNP markers can be linked w diff phenotypes/genotypes of interest
4
Q
Genetic linkage mapping
A
- Made of polymorphic markers (microsatellites & SNP markers) assigned to linkage groups
- Genetic marker can be any sequence feature that can be faithfully distinguished from parents
- Markers are inherited mostly tgt –> linked physically on same chromosome
- Closer two markers = higher chance to be passed to next gen
Quality of maps largely dependent on
- No. of genetic markers on the map
- Size of mapping population
5
Q
Transcriptome analysis
A
- Transcriptome: complete composition of RNAs of an org
- Can examine the quantity & seq of RNA in a sample at a given moment using next generation sequencin (NGS)
- Effective in identifying differentially expressed genes under diff env. conditions, gene expression regulation
6
Q
CRISPR/Cas9
A
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- CRISPR-Associated (Cas9) proteins are nucleases that cut DNA
- CRISPR collects DNA seq –> tells Cas9 where to cut
- Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 into embryos
7
Q
Function of CRISPR/Cas9
A
- Process can fix alleles at existing trait loci, create, introduce alleles from other strains/species
- Involves changing sequence –> change messages –> display new property/characteristic
- Enhance dz resistance in fish
- ↑ biomass/growth rate
- Achieve 100% sterility –> prevent interbreeding w wild species (if escape)
- Raises ethical concerns
8
Q
Animal welfare (ethical implications)
A
- Care & use of animals/fish for research & teaching
- Humane handling
- Responsible Care & Use of Fish (RUCF)
9
Q
Biotechnology (ethical implications)
A
- May directly benefit the animal –> ↑ed resistance from pathogen, ↑ed resilience to variable environmental conditions
- Benefit farmer but impact animal –> ↑ed growth rate = ↑ed income for farmer but animal suffer malfunction of body parts
10
Q
Transgenesis (ethical implications)
A
- Important to determine effects on human, animal health & env. consequences
- Ethical matrix: ethical framework used to map potential impacts –> based on ‘common morality’
- facilitates the assessment of biotechnology use in terms of respect/lack of respect for –> wellbeing, autonomy & fairness as applied to defined interest groups such as treated organisms, aquaculture producers, consumers & env.
11
Q
Treated fish (ethical implications)
A
- Lack of fish welfare & pain perception in 1st gen prod. of growth hormone (GH) GM fish
- Modification may lead to impacts of containment methods on fish behaviour = cascade impacts?
- Solution to improve –> more problematic in developing countries –> lack of resources & support
12
Q
Aquaculture producers (ethical implications)
A
- Use of advanced technologies in aquaculture + potential ethical impacts (in development) in least developed countries (LDCs)
- Aquaculture development: industry cont. to grow at pace consistent w providence of food security
- Economic gains in rural communities may potentially be offset by extensive environmental & social costs
- Impt to have support mechanisms to underpin sustainable aquaculture development prior to intro of advanced technology
- Need for strategic discussion of technology use in development among stakeholders
13
Q
Consumers (ethical complications)
A
- Gm fish made for high value export markets but not vv accepted
- GM fish produced shld use techniques that do not intro consumer risk –> reduce allergenicity
- Extensive food safety testing required
- Impact on product markets significantly weak justification to produce GM in aquaculture
- Clear labelling policies
- Acceptability of GM use in developing markets shld not be overest.
14
Q
Environmental (ethical compliations)
A
- Org. produced from bioengineering solve existing probs w intra/interspecific interactions
- Ecological risk if escape - Need evaluate environmental risk –> pollution, energy, land use –> Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Additional evaluations: How technologies deliver prod. levels predicted in lab studies
& how specific modifications developed for low input sustainable aquaculture systems will fare commercially
15
Q
Benefits of genome-based biotechnologies
A
- Achieve ↑ed growth rate & dz resistance in cultured species
- Identify & combine traits in aquatic species –> boost productivity & improve quality
- Enhance nutritional value of feeds & species
- Improve management & conservation of wild stocks
- Use of synthetic hormones in induced breeding
