Topic 4D Flashcards
Lay egg/Live young:
Oviparity
Egg-laying
Lay egg/Live young:
Viviparity
Live young
Lay egg/Live young: Ovoviviparity
Live young
Internal/External fertilisation:
Oviparity
Internal fertilisation: male fertilise eggs inside female
External fertilisation: female spawn eggs + male fertilise eggs in water column
Internal/External fertilisation: Ovoviviparity
Internal fertilisation
nternal/External fertilisation: Viviparity
Internal fertilisation
Embryo development: Oviparity
Outside female’s body
Embryo development: Viviparity
Inside female’s body
- Nutrients via umbilical cord & placenta
Embryo development: Ovoviviparity
Inside female’s body
- Nutrient via yolk sac
Parental care: Oviparity
dont have
Parental care: Viviparity
yes
Parental care: Ovoviviparity
Yes
Energy cost: Oviparity
Less
Energy cost: Viviparity
More (gestation)
Energy cost: Ovoviviparity
More
Intrauterine cannibalism
- First hatched individuals eat siblings in embryonic phase within the mother’s uterus
- First hatched pub = strongest genetics
- ↑ nutrition intake, growth rate, survival rate
- reduce comp
Iteroparity
- Continuous reproduction throughout lifetime
- Varies in successful spawning
Semelparity
- Single spawn before death
Type of parental care
- Construction/maintaining the nest
- Burying eggs once deposited
- Chasing away potential predators
- Fanning eggs (to clean & provide oxygen)
- Removing dead eggs
- Carrying eggs
- Coiling around eggs to prevent desiccation (prevent moisture removal)
- Retrieving nomads
- Accompanying fry to forage
- Provide first foods (mucus)
- Teach feeding techniques
Types of breeders
- Non-guarders
- Guarders
- Bearers
Types of non-guarders
- Pelagic spawners
- Coarse-bottom spawners (pelagic)
- Coarse-bottom spawners (benthic)
- Non-obligatory plant spawners
- Obligatory plant spawners
- Sand Spawners
- Brood hiders
- Benthic spawners
- Cave spawners
- Spawners on/in veterbrates
- Beach spawners
- Annual fish
Types of guarders
- Rock spawners
- Plant spawners
- Terrestial spawners
- Pelagic spawners
- Rock & gravel nesters
- Sand nesters
- Bubble nesters
- Hole nesters
- Miscellaneous material nesters
- Anemone nesters
Parental care of
- Non-guarders
- Guarders
- Bearers
- 0 parental care
- Parental care given
- Retain eggs in body & birth them live
Pelagic spawners
non-guarders
Non-adhesive, Scatter in water
Coarse-bottom spawners
non-guarders
Pelagic –> deposit on rock/gravel, become buoyant & carried away
benthic –> deposit on rock/gravel, embryo & larvae develops here
Non-obligatory plant spawners
non-guarders
Submerged plants/other items
Obligatory plant spawners
non-guarders
Deposited with adhesive mbn, sticks to submerged, live/dead, aquatic/recently flooded terrestial plants, logs, branches, NEVER on the bottom
Sand spawners
non-guarders
Sand surface
Brood hiders
non-guarders
Build nest with some protection
Benthic spawners
non-guarders
In natural or constructed places
Cave spawners
non-guarders
Adhesive eggs, crevices/pores –> eggs can roll & be hidden –> not eaten by parents/cave inhabitants
Spawners on/in invertebrates
non-guarders
Oviduct to deposit eggs & hide them in gill chambers of bivalves/crabs –> Male chooses the hosts
Beach spawners
non-guarders
Deposited into sand during low tide, eggs incubated in damp sad, returning high tide wash back to sea
Annual fish
non-guarders
Deposit eggs in bottom soil, sand, mud & survive several months of dry season. Upon hydration, embryos hatch and grow rapidly
Rock spawners
guarders
Attached on rock surfaces; male guards & fan eggs
Plant spawners
guarders
Attached to submerged plants; male guards & fan eggs
Terrestrial spawners
guarders
Attached during spawning, male & female leap out & cling upside down to chosen substrate. Embryos hatch & drop into water
Pelagic spawners
guarders
Clusters of non-adhesive & buoyant eggs; deposited on surface of water in openings b/w vegetation in the shallows
Rock & gravel nesters
guarders
Single layer/multilayer clutches; cleaned areas of rocks/pits dug in gravel
Sand nesters
guarders
Above or on soft muddy bottom; male guards eggs
Bubble nesters
guarders
Build froth (mucus-covered bubbles) nest; male guards eggs
Hole nesters
guarders
Deposited on clean area of undersurface of flat stones; male guards eggs
Miscellaneous material nesters
guarders
Not particular about nest building materials & substrates
Anemone nesters
guarders
Nest under active protection of tentacles of sea anemones; Both parent guard & fan eggs
Types of bearers
- Transfer brooders
- Forehead brooders
- Mouth brooders
- Gill chamber brooders
- Skin brooders
- Pouch brooders
Transfer brooders (bearer)
Adhesive eggs released into a ‘basket’ formed by cupped ventral fins
Forehead brooders (bearer)
Cluster of eggs attached by thread looped through hook; carry on forehead
Mouth brooders (bearer)
Eggs incubated in buccal cavity
Gill chamber brooders (bearer)
May be derived from mouth brooders; eggs incubated in their gill chambers
Skin brooders (bearer)
Eggs attached to ventral surface
Pouch brooders (bearer)
Eggs enveloped by special transformed structure/modified skin
