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AqTech > Topic 4 (minus 4A & 4C) > Flashcards

Topic 4 (minus 4A & 4C) Flashcards

1
Q

Finfish reproduction cycle

A
  1. Spawning (eggs + sperm)
  2. Embryo/fish larvae (1-15mm)
    - Absorb nutrients from attached yolk sac
  3. Metamorphosis (biological change in morphology) –> after approx 10 days
  4. Fish fry –> complete depletion of yolk sac; able to feed on their own
  5. Juvenile (fingerling)
  6. Adult –> reached maturity; able to spawn
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2
Q

Life cycle of bivalve/gastropod

A
  1. Spawning (sperm + eggs)
  2. Trochophore (aka planktonic stage)
    - Free swimming larvae
    - Bands of cilia
  3. Veliger
    - Organs develop
    - Takes the morphology of a juvenile bivalve
    - suspends in water column
  4. Metamorphosis (biological change in morphology –> settle down into substrate)
  5. Spat/juvenile
    - settled into substrate & growing
  6. Adult
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3
Q

Life cycle of shrimp

A
  1. Fertilised eggs
  2. Nauplius
  3. Protozoa
  4. Metamorphosis
  5. Mysis
  6. Megalopa
  7. Juvenile
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4
Q

Life cycle of crab

A
  1. Adult spawning
  2. Zoea (4-5 moults)
  3. Megalopa
  4. Crablet/juvenile
  5. Adult
    Note: the warmer the water, the faster the crab moves through the stages
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5
Q

Lay egg/Live young:

Oviparity

A

Egg-laying

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6
Q

Lay egg/Live young:

Viviparity

A

Live young

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7
Q

Lay egg/Live young: Ovoviviparity

A

Live young

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8
Q

Internal/External fertilisation:

Oviparity

A

Internal fertilisation: male fertilise eggs inside female

External fertilisation: female spawn eggs + male fertilise eggs in water column

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9
Q

Internal/External fertilisation: Ovoviviparity

A

Internal fertilisation

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10
Q

Internal/External fertilisation: Viviparity

A

Internal fertilisation

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11
Q

Embryo development: Oviparity

A

Outside female’s body

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12
Q

Embryo development: Viviparity

A

Inside female’s body

- Nutrients via umbilical cord & placenta

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13
Q

Embryo development: Ovoviviparity

A

Inside female’s body

- Nutrient via yolk sac

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14
Q

Parental care: Oviparity

A

None

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15
Q

Parental care: Viviparity

A

Yes

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16
Q

Parental care: Ovoviviparity

A

Yes

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17
Q

Energy cost: Oviparity

A

Less

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18
Q

Energy cost: Viviparity

A

More (gestation)

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19
Q

Energy cost: Ovoviviparity

A

More

20
Q

Intrauterine cannibalism

A
  • First hatched individuals eat siblings in embryonic phase within the mother’s uterus
  • First hatched pub = strongest genetics
  • ↑ nutrition intake, growth rate, survival rate
  • reduce comp
21
Q

Iteroparity

A
  • Continuous reproduction throughout lifetime

- Varies in successful spawning

22
Q

Semelparity

A
  • Single spawn before death
23
Q

Hormones in male fish

A
  1. Testosterone
  2. 11-kototestosterone
  3. Progestin
  4. Oestrogen
24
Q

Roles of hormones in male fish

A

Testosterone: involved in early stages of spermiogenesis
11-ketotestosterone: exhibit secondary sexual characteristics morphological change
Progestin & oestrogen: ↑ during spawning, gonadal maturation

25
Q

Hormones in female fish

A
  1. 17β- Estradiol
  2. Testosterone
  3. Ketotestosterone
  4. Progestrogen
  5. Corticosteroid
  6. Prostaglandin
26
Q

Roles of hormones in female fish

A

17β- Estradiol: stimulate rapid ovarian growth
Progestrogen & corticosteroid: influence reproductive behaviour
Androgens: maybe stimulate/inhibit gonadotropins secretion

27
Q

Shrimp/crab reproductive behaviour

A

X Organ Sinus Gland (XOSG): in eyestalks; neuroendocrine gland

28
Q

Define fecundity

A

The no. of eggs ripened by aquatic species during a spawning season/event
- Fecundity inversely proportional to amount of parental care

29
Q

List the methods of determining reproductive bio/sexual maturity

A
  1. Gross anatomical criteria (visually examine gonads)

2. Gonadal somatic index (compare gonad size to fish size)

30
Q

List the type of reproduction with relation to fecundity

A

Oviparous (least fecund)
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous (most fecund)

31
Q

Gonadal somatic index (GSI)

A

[Gonad mass/body mass (including gonad)] x 100

- NO UNIT

32
Q

What affects fecundity (besides reproduction type)

A
  • size of fish

- nutritional status of female

33
Q

List the types of fecundity

A
  1. Absolute fecundity
  2. Relative fecundity
  3. Population fecundity
34
Q

Absolute fecundity

A

No. of ripe eggs in one spawning season/year

- Varies due to age, length, weight, species

35
Q

Relative fecundity

A

No. of eggs produced in a season per somatic weight of fish (eggs/gram)

36
Q

Population fecundity

A

No. of eggs pawned by population in one season

  • Sum of fecundities of all females
  • (Expected fecundity of an average female} x (no. of breeding females in the pop.)
37
Q

Size of eggs

A
  • Negative correlation b/w egg size & env. conditions

- Low fecundity = larger eggs (larger yolks)

38
Q

List the exogenous factors affecting reproduction

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Photoperiod
  3. Tides
  4. Water depth
  5. Substrate type
  6. Salinity
39
Q

Temperature (exogenous factor)

A
  • Most crucial
  • Controls maturation & spawning
  • Within narrow temperature range
  • Limiting factor during some gametogenesis stages
  • Determines sex of fish
40
Q

Photoperiod (exogenous factor)

A
  • Influences thyroid gland, migratory activity & gonadal development
  • Highly associated with endogenous rhythm
41
Q

Water depth (exogenous factor)

A
  • Spawn at one depth, live in diff depths during other times
42
Q

Substrate type (exogenous factor)

A

Related to type of breeding strategies (spawning on diff substrates)

43
Q

Salinity (exogenous factor)

A

Various degrees of mixing, precipitation, freshwater runoff may alter spawning habits, change spawning sites due to salinity change

44
Q

Tides (exogenous factor)

A
  • May spawn on daily/monthly tidal cycle or on a diel cycle

- usually after spring tides

45
Q

List the organ/gland that produces hormones/enzymes that affects reproduction (fish, crustacean, mollusc)

A

Fish
1. Pituitary gland

  1. Liver
  2. Pineal gland
  3. Bones

Crustacean
1. Optic gland

Mollusc
1. Cerebral ganglia

46
Q

Climate change & aquaculture

A
  • Climate change = affect salinity & temp
  • ↑/↓ in temp influence general metabolism, production; seasonality relative fecundity, no. of spawning
  • Fish observed to spawn earlier/later
  • Change in reproduction timing = affect overall ecology
  • Mismatch b/w seasonality of larvae & zooplankton (food availability)
  • High temp amplify impact of hormone-disrupting chemicals (from pollution) –> e.g. long term effects of clotrimazol (chemical), believed to disrupt hormones & interfere w sex ratio = ↓ mate search success & ↑ inbreeding potential

AqTech (11 decks)

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