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AqTech > Topic 4C > Flashcards

Topic 4C Flashcards

1
Q

Monogamy

A

Single male & single female

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2
Q

Polygyny

A

Single male & multiple females

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3
Q

Polyandry

A

Multiple male & single female

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4
Q

Polygynandry

A

Multiple male & multiple females

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5
Q

List the main sexual strategies

A
  1. Monogamy
  2. Polygyny
  3. Polyandry
  4. Polygynandry
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6
Q

List the 5 types of monogamy mates

A
  1. Genetic
  2. Social
  3. Anonymous
  4. Obligate
  5. Facultative
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7
Q

Genetic monogamy

A

Exlusive mating r/s b/w single male & single female

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8
Q

Social monogamy

A

Paired males & females spending extensive periods of time together

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9
Q

Anonymous monogamy

A

Incidental pairings occurring through proximity of a single male & female with no active choice/partner recognition

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10
Q

Obligate monogamy

A

Males & females mate with single partner irrespective of resource abundance

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11
Q

Facultative monogamy

A

Resource limitation in some locations constrains males into mating with a single female while polygynous mating occurs when resources are abundant

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12
Q

Benefits of monogamy

A
  1. ↑ reproductive successes –> males invest to produce more offspring than to invest in mate search (prominent in small populations)
  2. Presence of parental care –> ↑ survival rate of offspring
  3. Secure its own lineage –> females may use sperms of other males if let free to mate
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13
Q

List the types of polyandry

A
  1. Classical
  2. Cooperative
  3. Convenience
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14
Q

Classical polyandry

A

Reversed sex roles –> individual male raises offspring with little/no help from female
E.g. pipefish: female transfer eggs to tail of males where he fertilises & carries it till hatching

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15
Q

Cooperative polyandry

A

Subordinate males to share paternity & brood care with a dominant male
E.g. cichlids: females can control paternity of alpha & beta male by cryptic female choice

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16
Q

Convenience polyandry

A

Females mate with multiple males to avoid aggressive breeding harassment form these males
E.g. sharks: males inflict injuries (bite pectoral fins/tails)/ males may work cooperatively to force mating

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17
Q

List the benefits of polyandry

A
  1. Fertility insurance
  2. Good sperm competition
  3. Sexy sperm competition
  4. More resources
  5. Better protection
  6. Infanticide reduction
    (Beneficial strategy for females)
18
Q

Fertility insurance (benefit of polyandry)

A

More than 1 male may be required to fertilise eggs produced by highly fecund females; ↓ loss of investment

19
Q

Good sperm competition

benefit of polyandry

A

↑es the genetic variety of sperms available to the female –> chance

20
Q

Sexy sperm competition (benefit of polyandry)

A

↑es chance of having offspring w enhanced attractiveness from various males

21
Q

More resources (benefit of polyandry)

A

Females receive more parental care & resources from no. of male partners

22
Q

Infanticide reduction (benefit of polyandry)

A

Greater confusion of paternity & ↓ likelihood of losing offspring

23
Q

Better protection (benefit of polyandry)

A

Females receive protection from no. of protectors away from other harassing males

24
Q

Cuckholdry

A
  • Alternate strategy to ↑ mating success
  • Sneaker: used by smaller males during spawning dominated by larger males (hides & waits for chance to release gametes)
  • Satellite male: large males develop coloration & behaviour hat mimics females (hover above spawning pair & slowly descend upon spawning)
25
Q

List the types of polygyny

A
  1. Scramble competition
  2. Female defense
  3. Resource defense
  4. Lek polygyny
26
Q

Scramble competition (polygyny)

A

Competition over accessible resources

  • Exist when there is high dd but low quantity of female gametes
  • Females are spatially dispersed & hard to find
  • Males race against time & compete with other males to look for mates
  • Males get equal share of resources as density increases
27
Q

Female defense

A

One male defends several females (specific territory)

- Males with greatest physical fitness & ability to defend mates = greatest contribution of gametes

28
Q

Resource defense (polygyny benefity)

A

One male attracts several females with the resources he defends (e.g. food, nesting sites)

29
Q

Lek polygyny

A

Group of males gather at a common site where females visit and select her mate –> may exhibit competitive displays to attract females (e.g. visual/auditory cues)

30
Q

List the benefits of polygyny

A
  1. Increased fitness
  2. Increased reproductive success
    (beneficial strategy for males)
31
Q

Increased fitness (benefit of polygyny)

A

↑ed chance of mating with females that has better DNA & ↑ed survival rate of offspring

32
Q

Increased reproductive success (benefit of polygyny)

A

Gain access to many fertile females = ↑ paternity

33
Q

Costs of polygyny

A
  1. ↓ in genetic diversity: many offspring share one father –> ↑ chance of inbreeding
  2. Incompetence to protect females from other males
34
Q

Benefits of polygynandry

A
  1. Greater genetic diversity

2. Greater dispersal into water column

35
Q

What is polygynandry commonly observed in

A
  • Broadcast spawners
  • Forms huge mating shoals
  • Milky water due to milt
36
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

Individual having both reproductive organs of the male & female & have the ability to switch sexes

37
Q

Protogyny

A

Hermaphroditic fishes exist as females & switch to male

- When dominant male from the harem is removed –> largest female will switch to become male

38
Q

Protoandry

A

Hermaphroditic fishes exist as male & switch to females

- When larger size female dies, juvenile male switch to become female & form new pair

39
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • Asexual reproduction method using diploid eggs
  • Embryo grows & develops w/o fertilization
  • Gynogenesis
  • Hybridogenesis
40
Q

Gynogenesis

A

Egg growth stimulated by presence of sperm

- Sperm cells do not contribute genetic materials to offspring

41
Q

Hybridogenesis

A
  • Involves half of the genome intact from female & another half of genome recombined from new male
  • Takes place in sexual host

AqTech (11 decks)

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