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A Level Geography > Topic 5 - Water Cycle And Insecurity: EQ1 > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Water Cycle And Insecurity: EQ1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of system is the global hydrological cycle?

A

A closed system

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2
Q

What type of system is a drainage basin?

A

An open system

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3
Q

What is residence time?

A

The time during which water remains within a body of water before continuing around the hydrological cycle

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4
Q

What are flows (fluxes)?

A

Measurements of the rate of flow between stores

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5
Q

What are stores (stocks)?

A

Places where water is held

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6
Q

What is an example of a store?

A

Lake

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7
Q

What is blue water?

A

Water that is stored in rivers and lakes

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8
Q

How much of Earth’s water is considered freshwater?

A

2.5%

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9
Q

How much of Earth’s water is stored in the oceans?

A

96.5%

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10
Q

How much of Earth’s water is accessible for humans?

A

0.007%

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11
Q

What conditions are needed for precipitation to form?

A

Air cooled to saturation point with relative humidity of 100%

Condensation nuclei to facilitate the growth of droplets

A temperature below dew point

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12
Q

What are the 6 key influencing factors on the a hydrological system?

A

Amount of precipitation
Type of precipitation
Intensity of precipitation
Seasonality
Variability

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of variability affecting a hydrological system?

A

Secular Variability
Periodic Variability
Stochastic Variability

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14
Q

What is Secular Variability?

A

Long Term, e.g. as a result of climate change trends

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15
Q

What is Periodic Variability?

A

Happens in annual, seasonal, monthly or diurnal context

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16
Q

What is Stochastic Variability?

A

Results from random factors e.g. a thunderstorm or lightning strike

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of rainfall?

A

Relief/Orographic
Frontal/Cyclonic
Convectional

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18
Q

What is Precipitation?

A

The input into a drainage basin system. It includes all forms of moisture entering:
Hail, snow, dew, frost, sleet, rain

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19
Q

What is Interception?

A

The storage of water when it lands on vegetation (or structures like buildings) before it reaches the soil. It’s a temporary store before evaporation or stemflow

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20
Q

What is Surface Storage?

A

The storage of water on the surface including puddles, ponds and lakes

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21
Q

What is Soil Storage?

A

The storage of water in soil. Water is held in the small gaps between soil particles

22
Q

What is Groundwater Storage?

A

The storage of water in the ground rocks of permeable rock. The water is held in cracks (limestone), bedding planes (sedimentary rock) or pores (chalk)

23
Q

What are Aquifers?

A

Rocks with lots of groundwater storage

24
Q

What is Channel Store?

A

The storage of water in the river channel

25
Q

What is Vegetation Store?

A

The storage of water in the vegetation. Plants and trees take up water through their roots and water is stored here

26
Q

What is Surface Run-off?

A

The horizontal flow of water over the surface of the land either in little channels or over the whole surface

27
Q

What is Stemflow?

A

The downwards flow of water moving downwards from interception storage to the surface

28
Q

What is Soil Throughflow?

A

The horizontal flow of water moving through soil (between the particles) towards the river

29
Q

What is Infiltration?

A

The downwards movement of water from the surface into the soil

30
Q

What is Percolation?

A

The downwards movement of water from the soil to the permeable ground rock

31
Q

What is Groundwater Flow.

A

The horizontal movement of moving through the rocks (cracks/bedding planes/pores) slowly towards the river. This is the movement of water below the water table sideways to the river

32
Q

What is River Channel Flow?

A

The movement of water in the river channel moving towards the sea

33
Q

What is Evaportaion?

A

The output of water when water is heated and turned from a liquid into a gas

34
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

The output of water where moisture is taken into plants through their roots, moved to the leaves by capillary action and then evaporates from the leaves into a gas

35
Q

What is Evapotranspiration?

A

The combined output of water from evaporation and transpiration

36
Q

What is River Discharge?

A

The output of water from a river channel out to sea

37
Q

What physical factors cause variation within the drainage basin?

A

Interception
Infiltration
Surface run-off
Percolation
Evapotranspiration
River Discharge

38
Q

What human factors cause variation within the drainage basin?

A

Cloud Seeding
Urbanisation
Dam Construction
Groundwater Abstraction

39
Q

What are the inputs in a water budget?

A

Precipitation
Water Diversion
Groundwater flow
Surface water flow

40
Q

What are the outputs in a water budget?

A

Evapotranspiration
Water Diversion
Groundwater flow
Surface water
Surface run-off

41
Q

What is Field Capacity?

A

The normal amount of water that can be held in the soil

42
Q

What is Potential Evapotranspiration?

A

The amount of water that could be lost by evapotranspiration if there was sufficient moisture available

43
Q

What is Actual Evapotranspiration?

A

The amount of water that is lost through transpiration (release from leaves) and evaporation (heating of water on surfaces) to the atmosphere

44
Q

What is Soil Moisture Surplus?

A

When the soil moisture from the soil stores is being used by vegetation/humans as the precipitation rate is less than evapotranspiration

45
Q

What is Soil Moisture Rechrge?

A

When moisture from precipitation infiltrates and percolates in the stores to repay the soil moisture utilisation/defecit

46
Q

What is Soil Moisture Defecit?

A

There is not enough water left in the soil to match potential evapotranspiration. Rivers run dry and drought ensues.

47
Q

What is the equation to calculate a Water Budget?

A

P = Q+E +/- Storage Change

48
Q

What is a River Regime?

A

Indicate the annual variation of discharge of a river at a particular point

49
Q

What unit is used to measure a River Regime?

A

Cumecs

50
Q

What Factors affect a River Regime?

A

Size of the river
Precipitation
Temperature
Geology and Soil
Vegetation
Humans

A Level Geography (18 decks)

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