Topic 4 - Regeneration: EQ3 Flashcards
What is the role of national government?
The government are responsible for considering levels of inequality across the country
Disparity between places does not aid overall development.
The north-south divide must then be overcome
What is infrastructure?
The basic physical system of a place
What are the 2 types of infrastructure
- Economic infrastructure includes highways, energy distribution, water and sewerage facilities and
telecommunication networks. - Social infrastructure include public housing, hospitals, schools and universities.
How does the government play a role in unequal regional growth?
managing the country’s economic, social and physical environment through various different decisions
Why is regional growth determined by?
determined by infrastructure development, without correct infrastructure, it is harder for regions to prosper
What is the first case study?
HS2
What is the HS2
HS2 is a high speed link between London Euston and Birmingham Curzon Street. It can travel 400km an hour. That was phase 1 and phase 2 will then lead north-west to Manchester and north-east to Leeds
SWOT for HS2
S- improved journey times between major cities. Existing railway is poor and inefficient and needs a change
W- other problems are more important such as old people needing care and NHS. Cuts through houses and buildings
O- Reduce the North-South divide and 60,000 jobs in construction
T- there are protests to it
Why is the HS2 important?
This development is important for regional growth in the UK as it creates faster transport between the North-South divide allowing there to be more travel between the two and many jobs
What is the airport expansion?
The expansion and upgrade of Heathrow airport
Building a third runway to increase flight capacity by 260,000 flights per year
SWOT for airport expansion
S- more capacity is needed as air travel is predicted to double by 2050. It will boost the economy and will be worth £7 billion a year
W- it will destroy 700 homes including the whole village of Sipson. It will produce more emissions as it generates 50% of UK aviation emissions
O- there will be tens of thousands of jobs created in construction and the is vital or trade and tourism, and secure the future of an airport employing 72,000 people
T- it will creates threats to the environment as a huge part of the green belt land will be lost for this to be built
What is the problems with government actions?
Government actions may prioritise national needs over local needs, which can delay regeneration projects and widen regional inequalities
How do governments influence regeneration?
Policies through:
Planning laws and restrictions
House building targets
Housing affordability programs
Granting permissions for ‘fracking’
What was London like before the deregulation policies
London was viewed as globally uncompetitive as only UK banks could operate in UK cities
What happened in 1986 and what was the Big Bang?
In 1986, the government decided to deregulate the financial sector in a policy known as the big bang, which meant:
- The London Stock Exchange became a private limited company
- Overseas companies to set up in London without governmental approval e.g. banks like HSBC
What was the result of the Big Bang
Banking, finance and business services creating almost 30% of the UK’s GDP by 2015, double that of 1986
•It drove the regeneration of London Docklands in Canary Wharf, with the skyscrapers
the visible evidence of this new investment
•London becoming the leading financial center in the world
More people with second homes means that it adds to the housing crisis
What was the net migration in 2022 for the UK
In 2022, UK net migration reached 606,000, the highest figure ever recorded according to the Office of National Statistics
Why did migration increase?
In 2004 8 Eastern European countries joined the EU and 2 more in 2007 and then more people migrated to the UK
Positives of increased migration?
Increased gross domestic product (GDP)
Extra taxes and production
Both well-qualified and lower-skilled immigrants can fill skills shortages
Negatives of increased migration?
- Increased pressure on services and housing availability in certain areas
- Social issues caused by asylum seekers being housed in hard-to-let properties in already deprived areas, such as estates in Middlesbrough
What is a science park?
an area devoted to scientific research or development of technological businesses. Good for an area due to investment attracted.
What do local governments encourage?
innovation and investment within the UK and by overseas companies.
Councils may use incentives to attract companies and improve reputations.
What are the 2 main places with science parks?
Cambridge and Oxford
What is Cambridge science park like
Cambridge science park opened with both start-up companies and large TNCs such as Toshiba and Microsoft. Built in the 1970s and it grew rapidly. It’s tracked many foreign TNCs
What is Oxford science park like
Oxford science park hosts many start up bioscience and computer hard and software companies. The 1060s west gate car park is being replaced by a £500 million shopping centre and a second railway to London.
What happens when regeneration occurs with players
a number of different players are involved, often with differing interests and aim
Often tensions between groups where some want to change an area while others want to preserve it
What is the aim of regeneration strategies?
to attract business investment and workers from different contexts to create vibrant new places in urban and rural areas.
How can strategies be led with regeneration
Sports
Retail
Tourism and leisure
Public and private diversification
What is the case study beginning with A
Aylesbury
What was the Aylesbury regeneration
Construction of a £47 million waterside theatre
New shopping markets such as Waitrose and more restaurants such as Nando’s
However they want to demolish some historic buildings in the town and this has caused conflict
What conclusion did they come to in the end of Aylesbury regeneration
The local council agreed to preserve some historic buildings and then regenerate some into hotels or restaurants
Examples of urban and rural regeneration strategies
Powys regeneration
Edge lane retail park
Newcastle quayside
Queen Elizabeth park
Why did Powys need regeneration
They want to use tourism and the beautiful landscape to attract businesses . They suffer from skill shortages and Lack of university places and qualifications. Many jobs are low wage
How did Powys’s regenerate?
They want to harness local talents and skills, as well as volunteers. 26,000 volunteers that their work contributes £173.6 million to the local economy and they need faster broadband speed
What is re-branding
making changes to a place to alter people’s ideas of it as a place
What is re-imaging
changing a place from somewhere that looks bad to somewhere that looks good.
What’s an example of rebranding strategies
New York uses slogans to change their image
How do rebranding strategies have to be successful
Regeneration: investment in the area.
Re-imaging: Advertising that changes the impression that is held.
Who are the targets for regeneration
visitors, residents and employees, business and industry, or exporters.
There may be schemes that aim to target sub groups of the people, such as wealthy residents vs youthful residents.
What was Tenbys
Used to be know for stag and hen parties and get drunk a lot. The local council wanted to change and their appearance and pubs started to not allow them in. The council got an artist to create images of the area to attract young people and people who like nature
Why is places identity important
In the uk, place identity is often a key component of successful regeneration. In urban areas, this is likely to mean taking advantage of Victorian industrial heritage
What was urban rebranding case study
Battersea
What was the strategies to rebrand the city of Battersea’s power station
They turn the power plant into a shopping centre and there were three tears of shops surrounding essential atrium that is top of a glass and still skylight and they restored some of the original building.
visitor attraction set with a chimney which is a glass lift that rises 109m
Negatives of the Battersea power station
It made house prices rise and made it and made it unaffordable for many local people and can displace local businesses
There can be impact on the environment and more people come in so more litter or traffic
Positives of the Battersea power station
There is over 17,000 new jobs created by the regeneration and the local people are best placed to access these jobs
Over 3000 construction workers on site and opportunities for apprenticeships and skilled and unskilled work
New work spaces
What was rural rebranding case study?
Bronte country
What did Brontë country do for regeneration
There is already attractions such as to experience the bleakness and desolation that inspired books by the author Brontë sisters who lived in Haworth. To rebrand the city there is the Keithley Bus museum and Worth Valley Railways.
Some farms now do weddings
Positives of Brontë country’s regeneration
The positive impacts on the area is that it will help it out with the economy and help them put it towards better services which could attract more people such as transport to make it easier for people to come and visit
Negatives of Brontë country regeneration
A negative would that if they make it too diverse it could ruin some old buildings of the feel for the area
