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GCSE Biology- AQA > Topic 5- Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Topic 5- Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

maintaining a stable living environment

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2
Q

How does negative feedback work?

A

Receptor detects somethings too high
Coordination centre processes the info and organises a response
Effector produces a response which counteracts the change

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3
Q

What are the different parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS- the brain and spinal chord
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Effectors

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4
Q

What is the CNS?

A

central nervous system is a coordination centre. it receives information and coordinates a response

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5
Q

What is the connection between 2 neurons called?

A

a synapse

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6
Q

What are reflexes?

A

rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli thta dont involve the CNS

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7
Q

What do reflexes help prevent?

A

Injury

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8
Q

How can we measure reaction time?

A

with a ruler drop test

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9
Q

Why is it good to measure reaction times with computers?

A

it eliminates human error as they are more prescise

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10
Q

What is your brain part of?

A

The CNS

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11
Q

what si the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A

consciousness
intelligence
memory
language

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12
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

controlling unconscious activity like memory and heartbeat?

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13
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

muscle coordination

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14
Q

What are the methods we can use to study the brain?

A

study people with brain damage
electrically stimulate the brain
mri scans

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15
Q

how do we study people with brain damage?

A

the damaged area can tell us lots about what it does such as fineous gage becoming bad tempered and angry after a rod was blasted through his head. but duh it was a rod in his face

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16
Q

How do we study electronically stimulating the brain?

A

by measuring peoples reactions when we give the brain a small zap of electricity we can find out what that part does

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17
Q

How can we study MRI scans?

A

a very detailed picure findous out what the brain is doing when doing different activities

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18
Q

Is messing with the brain complicated?

A

Yes.

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19
Q

what is the iris reflex?

A

a reflex that makes the pupils larger or smaller so limit the amount of light going in and not damage your eye

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20
Q

what are the 3 treatments for vision defects?

A

contact lenses-thin lenses thta sit on the surface of your eye
glasses-lenses that you wear on your face
laser eye surgery- cahnging the shape of the cornea
replacement lens surgery- removing the natural lens and inserting an artificial lens

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21
Q

why are people long sighted?

A

the lens is the wrong shape and doesnt refract enough light or the eyball is too short

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22
Q

why are people short sighted?

A

the lens is the wrong shape and refracts too much light

or the eyeball is too long

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23
Q

Whats the optimum temperature for the body?

A

37 degrees

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24
Q

how does the body maintain its temperature?

A

by negative feedback

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25
Q

How does your body lower your temperature when your too hot?

A

sweat evaporates from skin which transfers energy to the environment
Hair errector muscle contract
Vasodialation- blood vessels flow closer to the surface of the skin to transfer energy

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26
Q

How does your body increase temperature when your too cold?

A

hairs errect to trap an insulating layer of hair
shivering transferers energy to warm you up
no sweat is produced
Vasoconstriction- blood vessels are shut of to save energy

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27
Q

What area of the brain controls body temperature?

A

hypothalamus

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28
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers released directly into the blood that control things which need constant adjustment

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29
Q

what do glands do?

A

produce and secrete hormones

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30
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

produces hormones which regulate body temperature . it is sometimes called the master gland because because these hormones act on other glands

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31
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

produce oestrogen which is sometimes involved in the menstrual cycle

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32
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

produce testosterone which controlls puberty and sperm production in males

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33
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

produce insulin which is used to regulate blood glucose level

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34
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

produces adrenaline which prereduces th eglucose oleveperes our body for a fight or flight response

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35
Q

What is the function of the thyroid?

A

produces thyroxine which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism heart rate and temperature

36
Q

What are 3 features of a nerve response?

A

very fast action
acts for a short time
acts on a prescise area

37
Q

What are 3 features of hormonal responses?

A

slower action
acts for a long time
acts in a more general way

38
Q

why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

A

it secretes hormones that act on other glands essentially starting a chain reaction

39
Q

What 2 hormones control blood glucose level?

A

insulin and glucogen

40
Q

What is the response if blood glucose level is too high?

A

insulin is added which reduces the glucose level

41
Q

What is the response if blood glucose level is too low?

A

glucogen is added which increases the blood glucose level

42
Q

What does diabetes affect?

A

your ability to control your blood sugar level

43
Q

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

when your pancreas produces little to no insulin so your blood glucose level keeps rising until it kills you

44
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A

where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin. they still produce it but their body doesn’t respond properly. the main risk factor is obesity

45
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin therapy which involves several injections of insulin throughout the day

46
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

diet and exercise

47
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

to act as filters to clean the blood

48
Q

How do the kidneys make urine?

A

they take waste products out your blood and filter substances out?

49
Q

What hormone controls the concentration of urine?

A

ADH- anti diuretic hormone

50
Q

What happens if the kidneys dont work properly?

A

waste substances build up in the blood and you ose the ability to control levels of ions and water
then you die

51
Q

What are the 2 treatments to kidney faliure?

A

dialysis treatment

kidney transplant

52
Q

What is a dialysis machine?

A

a machine that performs the functions of the kidney artificially.

53
Q

How does a dialysis machine work?

A

the persons blood flows between partially permeable membranes which remove ions and waste substances

54
Q

what are the advantages of dialysis?

A

keeps people alive until a kidney is found

55
Q

what are the disavdantages of dialysis?

A

has to be done regularly
takes 3-4 hours per session
carefully controlld diet is required
more expensive

56
Q

What are the advantages of a kidney transplant?

A

cheaper in long run
can eat what you want
lasts 11 years
dont need to go to hospital regularly

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of a kidney transplant?

A

They can be rejected
there is a need to take immunosuppressent drugs
they only last 11 years

58
Q

How many stages does the menstrual cycle have?

A

4

59
Q

What happens at stage 1 in the cycle?

A

menstruation starts and the uterus lining breaks down for 4 days

60
Q

What happens at stage 2 in the cell cycle? day 4-14

A

the uterus lining builds up again ready to recieve a fertilised egg

61
Q

what happens at stage 3 in the cell cycle? day 14

A

an egg develops and is released

62
Q

What happens at stage 4 in the cell cycle? 14-28

A

the wall is then maintained and iff no egg has landed the wall starts to break down again and the cycle starts over

63
Q

What does FSH do?

A

causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries

64
Q

What does LH do?

A

stimuletes the release of an egg at day 14

65
Q

what does oestrogen do?

A

causes the uturus lining to grow and stimulates the release of LH which releases an egg

66
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

maintains the lining of the uturus

67
Q

How can hormones be used as contraception?

A

oestrogen can prevent the release of an egg

the pill contains oestrogen and progesterone

68
Q

How can barriers be used as contraception?

A

condoms stop sperm from getting to the egg

a diaphragm fits over the cervix to form a a barrier

69
Q

What is spermicide?

A

a chemical that kills sperm

70
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

cutting or tying the Fallopian tubes which is a permanent procedure

71
Q

How can hormones increase fertility?

A

some women have low hormone levels of fsh so eggs cant mature. this helps people get pregnant but doesn’t always work

72
Q

What is IVF?

A

collecting the womens eggs and fertilising them in a lab

73
Q

What are the pros and cons of IVF?

A

helps give infertile couples children

success rate is low
very expensive
destroys potential human life
unethical as it could leas to preferred characteristics

74
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

prepares your body for fight or flight in scary or stressful situations

75
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

it is releases by the thyroid gland and regulates metabolism(growth, protein syntahsis and development

76
Q

What is auxin?

A

a plat hormone that controlls growth near the tips and shoots and roots?

77
Q

What is a trophism and give an example?

A

a plant response (geotrophism, photothrophism, hydrotrophism)

78
Q

Why does auxin move towards the shady side?

A

to make the plant grow toward the light

79
Q

How does geotrophism work?

A

when a shoot is growing sideways more auxin is produced on the bottom so which makes the shoot bend towards the light and the roots bend away from the light?

80
Q

Why do the roots grow towards the ground?

A

auxin is reversed in the roots and inhibits growth so it grows downwards

81
Q

How can we investigate plat responses?

A

have 3 different patches of cress with different light sources and see where they grow towards

82
Q

What are some of the uses of auxins?

A

killing weeds- auxins only affect broad leafed plants leaving the grass untouched
growing cells in tissue culture- growing more of a plant from only a few cells

83
Q

What does Gibberellin do?

A

stimulates plant stems to grow

84
Q

What does Ethene do?

A

stimulates the ripenng of fruit

85
Q

What is ethene commercially used for?

A

speeds up the ripening of fruit during transport to svae money and time waiting for it to ripen

86
Q

How confident do you feel about this topic?

A

i thought so

GCSE Biology- AQA (7 decks)

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