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GCSE Biology- AQA > Topic 5- Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Topic 5- Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

maintaining a stable living environment

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2
Q

How does negative feedback work?

A

Receptor detects somethings too high
Coordination centre processes the info and organises a response
Effector produces a response which counteracts the change

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3
Q

What are the different parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS- the brain and spinal chord
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Effectors

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4
Q

What is the CNS?

A

central nervous system is a coordination centre. it receives information and coordinates a response

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5
Q

What is the connection between 2 neurons called?

A

a synapse

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6
Q

What are reflexes?

A

rapid automatic responses to certain stimuli thta dont involve the CNS

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7
Q

What do reflexes help prevent?

A

Injury

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8
Q

How can we measure reaction time?

A

with a ruler drop test

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9
Q

Why is it good to measure reaction times with computers?

A

it eliminates human error as they are more prescise

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10
Q

What is your brain part of?

A

The CNS

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11
Q

what si the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A

consciousness
intelligence
memory
language

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12
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

controlling unconscious activity like memory and heartbeat?

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13
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

muscle coordination

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14
Q

What are the methods we can use to study the brain?

A

study people with brain damage
electrically stimulate the brain
mri scans

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15
Q

how do we study people with brain damage?

A

the damaged area can tell us lots about what it does such as fineous gage becoming bad tempered and angry after a rod was blasted through his head. but duh it was a rod in his face

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16
Q

How do we study electronically stimulating the brain?

A

by measuring peoples reactions when we give the brain a small zap of electricity we can find out what that part does

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17
Q

How can we study MRI scans?

A

a very detailed picure findous out what the brain is doing when doing different activities

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18
Q

Is messing with the brain complicated?

A

Yes.

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19
Q

what is the iris reflex?

A

a reflex that makes the pupils larger or smaller so limit the amount of light going in and not damage your eye

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20
Q

what are the 3 treatments for vision defects?

A

contact lenses-thin lenses thta sit on the surface of your eye
glasses-lenses that you wear on your face
laser eye surgery- cahnging the shape of the cornea
replacement lens surgery- removing the natural lens and inserting an artificial lens

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21
Q

why are people long sighted?

A

the lens is the wrong shape and doesnt refract enough light or the eyball is too short

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22
Q

why are people short sighted?

A

the lens is the wrong shape and refracts too much light

or the eyeball is too long

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23
Q

Whats the optimum temperature for the body?

A

37 degrees

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24
Q

how does the body maintain its temperature?

A

by negative feedback

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25
How does your body lower your temperature when your too hot?
sweat evaporates from skin which transfers energy to the environment Hair errector muscle contract Vasodialation- blood vessels flow closer to the surface of the skin to transfer energy
26
How does your body increase temperature when your too cold?
hairs errect to trap an insulating layer of hair shivering transferers energy to warm you up no sweat is produced Vasoconstriction- blood vessels are shut of to save energy
27
What area of the brain controls body temperature?
hypothalamus
28
What are hormones?
chemical messengers released directly into the blood that control things which need constant adjustment
29
what do glands do?
produce and secrete hormones
30
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
produces hormones which regulate body temperature . it is sometimes called the master gland because because these hormones act on other glands
31
What is the function of the ovaries?
produce oestrogen which is sometimes involved in the menstrual cycle
32
What is the function of the testes?
produce testosterone which controlls puberty and sperm production in males
33
What is the function of the pancreas?
produce insulin which is used to regulate blood glucose level
34
What is the function of the adrenal gland?
produces adrenaline which prereduces th eglucose oleveperes our body for a fight or flight response
35
What is the function of the thyroid?
produces thyroxine which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism heart rate and temperature
36
What are 3 features of a nerve response?
very fast action acts for a short time acts on a prescise area
37
What are 3 features of hormonal responses?
slower action acts for a long time acts in a more general way
38
why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?
it secretes hormones that act on other glands essentially starting a chain reaction
39
What 2 hormones control blood glucose level?
insulin and glucogen
40
What is the response if blood glucose level is too high?
insulin is added which reduces the glucose level
41
What is the response if blood glucose level is too low?
glucogen is added which increases the blood glucose level
42
What does diabetes affect?
your ability to control your blood sugar level
43
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
when your pancreas produces little to no insulin so your blood glucose level keeps rising until it kills you
44
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?
where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin. they still produce it but their body doesn't respond properly. the main risk factor is obesity
45
What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?
insulin therapy which involves several injections of insulin throughout the day
46
What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?
diet and exercise
47
What is the function of the kidneys?
to act as filters to clean the blood
48
How do the kidneys make urine?
they take waste products out your blood and filter substances out?
49
What hormone controls the concentration of urine?
ADH- anti diuretic hormone
50
What happens if the kidneys dont work properly?
waste substances build up in the blood and you ose the ability to control levels of ions and water then you die
51
What are the 2 treatments to kidney faliure?
dialysis treatment | kidney transplant
52
What is a dialysis machine?
a machine that performs the functions of the kidney artificially.
53
How does a dialysis machine work?
the persons blood flows between partially permeable membranes which remove ions and waste substances
54
what are the advantages of dialysis?
keeps people alive until a kidney is found
55
what are the disavdantages of dialysis?
has to be done regularly takes 3-4 hours per session carefully controlld diet is required more expensive
56
What are the advantages of a kidney transplant?
cheaper in long run can eat what you want lasts 11 years dont need to go to hospital regularly
57
What are the disadvantages of a kidney transplant?
They can be rejected there is a need to take immunosuppressent drugs they only last 11 years
58
How many stages does the menstrual cycle have?
4
59
What happens at stage 1 in the cycle?
menstruation starts and the uterus lining breaks down for 4 days
60
What happens at stage 2 in the cell cycle? day 4-14
the uterus lining builds up again ready to recieve a fertilised egg
61
what happens at stage 3 in the cell cycle? day 14
an egg develops and is released
62
What happens at stage 4 in the cell cycle? 14-28
the wall is then maintained and iff no egg has landed the wall starts to break down again and the cycle starts over
63
What does FSH do?
causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries
64
What does LH do?
stimuletes the release of an egg at day 14
65
what does oestrogen do?
causes the uturus lining to grow and stimulates the release of LH which releases an egg
66
What does progesterone do?
maintains the lining of the uturus
67
How can hormones be used as contraception?
oestrogen can prevent the release of an egg | the pill contains oestrogen and progesterone
68
How can barriers be used as contraception?
condoms stop sperm from getting to the egg | a diaphragm fits over the cervix to form a a barrier
69
What is spermicide?
a chemical that kills sperm
70
What is sterilisation?
cutting or tying the Fallopian tubes which is a permanent procedure
71
How can hormones increase fertility?
some women have low hormone levels of fsh so eggs cant mature. this helps people get pregnant but doesn't always work
72
What is IVF?
collecting the womens eggs and fertilising them in a lab
73
What are the pros and cons of IVF?
helps give infertile couples children success rate is low very expensive destroys potential human life unethical as it could leas to preferred characteristics
74
What does adrenaline do?
prepares your body for fight or flight in scary or stressful situations
75
What does thyroxine do?
it is releases by the thyroid gland and regulates metabolism(growth, protein syntahsis and development
76
What is auxin?
a plat hormone that controlls growth near the tips and shoots and roots?
77
What is a trophism and give an example?
a plant response (geotrophism, photothrophism, hydrotrophism)
78
Why does auxin move towards the shady side?
to make the plant grow toward the light
79
How does geotrophism work?
when a shoot is growing sideways more auxin is produced on the bottom so which makes the shoot bend towards the light and the roots bend away from the light?
80
Why do the roots grow towards the ground?
auxin is reversed in the roots and inhibits growth so it grows downwards
81
How can we investigate plat responses?
have 3 different patches of cress with different light sources and see where they grow towards
82
What are some of the uses of auxins?
killing weeds- auxins only affect broad leafed plants leaving the grass untouched growing cells in tissue culture- growing more of a plant from only a few cells
83
What does Gibberellin do?
stimulates plant stems to grow
84
What does Ethene do?
stimulates the ripenng of fruit
85
What is ethene commercially used for?
speeds up the ripening of fruit during transport to svae money and time waiting for it to ripen
86
How confident do you feel about this topic?
i thought so

GCSE Biology- AQA (7 decks)

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